psychopathology
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- Created by: Eleanor_harvey
- Created on: 21-05-22 11:35
What is deviation from social norms ?
What society deems as acceptable or irrational, behaviour has to go beyond ecentric and be seen to have a negative impact. It also has to persist.
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Deviation from social norms evaluation
S - looks at context so can be seen holistically
S - can adapt with age
S - behaviour is visible to others
S -- individualistic
W- very subjective
W- change in attitudes over time
W- ethnocentric bias
S - can adapt with age
S - behaviour is visible to others
S -- individualistic
W- very subjective
W- change in attitudes over time
W- ethnocentric bias
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What is statistical infrequency ?
A standard deviation that can be used to plot results for a behaviour against the norms for that behaviour, normal is classed as -1 - 1
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Statistical infrequency evaluation
S - objective point
S - uses scores from well established standardised tests so is more scientific.
W- some abnormal behaviour is disirable - high IQ
W- scores are based on self report so subjective
W - does not consider any cultural factors
S - uses scores from well established standardised tests so is more scientific.
W- some abnormal behaviour is disirable - high IQ
W- scores are based on self report so subjective
W - does not consider any cultural factors
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What is failure to function adequately ?
Rosenhan and seligman's 7 features of personal dysfunction describe when someone is unable to cope.
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What are the rosenhan and seligman 7 features ?
1. personal distress
2 .maladaptive behaviour
3. unpredictability
4. irrationalality
5. observer dysfunction
6. violation of moral standards
7. unconventionality
2 .maladaptive behaviour
3. unpredictability
4. irrationalality
5. observer dysfunction
6. violation of moral standards
7. unconventionality
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Failure to function adequately evaluation
S- puts the personal experience of client at heart
S- GAF scale can be used to assess the severity of the condition
S- the list is of behaviours that can be seen
W- sometimes normal to have these fetaures
W- ethocentism bias
W- subjective and depends on
S- GAF scale can be used to assess the severity of the condition
S- the list is of behaviours that can be seen
W- sometimes normal to have these fetaures
W- ethocentism bias
W- subjective and depends on
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What is deviation from ideal mental health ?
Jahoda suggested a set criteria for ideal mental health
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What are the characteristics of ideal mental health?
1. symptom free
2. rational
3. self actualised
4. unstressed.
5. realistic
6. good self esteem
2. rational
3. self actualised
4. unstressed.
5. realistic
6. good self esteem
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Deviation from ideal mental health evaluation
S- holistic approach
S- very positive and can be used for goals
W- subjective and not well defined
W- varies over time and cultures
W- most dont self-actualze
S- very positive and can be used for goals
W- subjective and not well defined
W- varies over time and cultures
W- most dont self-actualze
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What is classical conditioning ?
The idea that a phobia is learned through an association
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What is operant conditioning ?
The idea that a phobia is maintained through reinforcement
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What was the little albert experiment ?
Classical conditioning example by Watson and Rayner
white rat NS = no response
loud noise UCS = fear response UCR
noise + rat = fear response
white rat CS = fear response CR
white rat NS = no response
loud noise UCS = fear response UCR
noise + rat = fear response
white rat CS = fear response CR
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The two process model evaluation
S- people often lnow how their phobia starts, supporting classical
S- applocation of thie model to therapy
W- ignores cognitive behaviours such as selective attention, irational belifs and cognitive distortions
S- applocation of thie model to therapy
W- ignores cognitive behaviours such as selective attention, irational belifs and cognitive distortions
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What is systematic desensitisation ?
Developed by wolpe - treatment that teaches the clients torelax than progressively face a hirearchy of fears. The client then associated the positive feelings of relaxation with the feared object
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Process of systematic desensitisation
1. client is taught relaxation techniques
2. construct a hierachy of fears from least to most
3. uses a fear themometer to indicate how relaxed they are
4. slowly moves up the hierachy relaxing
5. finally face the most feared representation successfully
2. construct a hierachy of fears from least to most
3. uses a fear themometer to indicate how relaxed they are
4. slowly moves up the hierachy relaxing
5. finally face the most feared representation successfully
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Systemstic desensititsation evaluation
S - supporting evidence 'little Peter' phobia of white rabbits that was reversed using food rewards and gradually having it sat on his lap
W- works well with simple phobias but not compex ones like social
W- more ethical than flooding but may still cause
W- works well with simple phobias but not compex ones like social
W- more ethical than flooding but may still cause
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What is flooding ?
Invented by Thomas Stampfl. Attempts to remove phobias by facing them while supporting them in lowering their arousal until they feel calm in the presence.
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Process of flooding ?
1. client is taught progressive relaxation techniques until successful
2. client is then faced with thier most feared situation with the therapist and over one long session learns to lower panic and relax
2. client is then faced with thier most feared situation with the therapist and over one long session learns to lower panic and relax
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Flooding evaluation
S- cheap and quick
S- Crake et al reviewed several studies and found little difference - supporting evidence
W- unethical asif client leaves before completed then may be worse and anxiety could jjust be transferred.
S- Crake et al reviewed several studies and found little difference - supporting evidence
W- unethical asif client leaves before completed then may be worse and anxiety could jjust be transferred.
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What is genetic explanations of OCD ?
OCD appears to run in families and research over the years with twin and family studies have put its heritability at 45%
The diathesis-stress model suggests that there may be characteristics that are inherited then switched on by a stressful event.
The diathesis-stress model suggests that there may be characteristics that are inherited then switched on by a stressful event.
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Evidence: Genetic explanations
S - A meta-analysis of 28 twin studies by van grootheest et al - 45% - 65% in children and 27% - 47% in adults
W- difficult to be a clear picture of genetic influence as there is so many
W- MZ twins usually share alot of similar environments so hard to e
W- difficult to be a clear picture of genetic influence as there is so many
W- MZ twins usually share alot of similar environments so hard to e
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What is neural explanations for OCD
Dopamine and seratonin are key in OCD
The frontal lobes are involved in planning and decison making. It is seen that activity levels min this part of the brain are increased as the client obsessively thinks about thinks about their worries
The frontal lobes are involved in planning and decison making. It is seen that activity levels min this part of the brain are increased as the client obsessively thinks about thinks about their worries
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Evidence: Neural explanations in OCD
S- Hu compared serotonin activity in sufferers and non sufferers and found it to be lower in OCD patients
S- some antidepressants work as work as serotonin reuptakers and are effective agsinst the anxiety in OCD patients.
W- we dont know whether brain an
S- some antidepressants work as work as serotonin reuptakers and are effective agsinst the anxiety in OCD patients.
W- we dont know whether brain an
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The process of drug therapy
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) are the standard treatment for OCD.
SSRI's block the reuptake of surplus serotonin, allowing it to accumilate in the synapse so OCD sufferers get back to normal levels. Tkes about 6 weeks for client to feel
SSRI's block the reuptake of surplus serotonin, allowing it to accumilate in the synapse so OCD sufferers get back to normal levels. Tkes about 6 weeks for client to feel
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Drug therapy evaluation
S- Quick and easy to administer compared to waiting for CBT. It is also cheaper - not a cure but manages symptoms
W- side effects suicidal thoughts in initial few weeks
W- weight gain and heart arrhythmias cause people to stop taking them
W- non biologi
W- side effects suicidal thoughts in initial few weeks
W- weight gain and heart arrhythmias cause people to stop taking them
W- non biologi
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Deviation from social norms evaluation
Back
S - looks at context so can be seen holistically
S - can adapt with age
S - behaviour is visible to others
S -- individualistic
W- very subjective
W- change in attitudes over time
W- ethnocentric bias
S - can adapt with age
S - behaviour is visible to others
S -- individualistic
W- very subjective
W- change in attitudes over time
W- ethnocentric bias
Card 3
Front
What is statistical infrequency ?
Back
Card 4
Front
Statistical infrequency evaluation
Back
Card 5
Front
What is failure to function adequately ?
Back
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