psychopathology
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- Created by: Lily._.c
- Created on: 16-06-21 19:52
deviation from the statistical norm
rare and unusual behavior which falls in the top or bottom 3% of a normal distribution curve e.g high IQ
+valid and reliable results for mental health
+objective
-doesn't consider the desirability
-behavior doesn't always need changing
+valid and reliable results for mental health
+objective
-doesn't consider the desirability
-behavior doesn't always need changing
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deviation from the social norm
behaviour that is far away from what is expected and accepted in society.
+judged in context-->stops false labelling
+independent from statistics (real people)
-value judgement->low reliability and individual perception.
-culturally dependent e.g wearing
+judged in context-->stops false labelling
+independent from statistics (real people)
-value judgement->low reliability and individual perception.
-culturally dependent e.g wearing
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deviation from ideal mental health
Jahoda-having only one means you are abnormal
self-actualization
mastery of the environment
personal growth
autonomy
perception of reality
integration
+highly comprehensive
+more positive view of mental health-->treatment
+face validity as good design(th
self-actualization
mastery of the environment
personal growth
autonomy
perception of reality
integration
+highly comprehensive
+more positive view of mental health-->treatment
+face validity as good design(th
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failure to function adequately
asks people how they feel and if they feel they can cope with life.
self-suffering ("I need help!")
maladaptiveness
unconventional behaviour
irrational
violation of modern beliefs and values
observer discomfort
+asks people how they feel -->gets help
-wha
self-suffering ("I need help!")
maladaptiveness
unconventional behaviour
irrational
violation of modern beliefs and values
observer discomfort
+asks people how they feel -->gets help
-wha
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Rosenhan "being sane in insane places"
(name for media attention)
(name for media attention)
8 pseudopatients-->12 different hospitals across 5 states. rang and asked for an appointment as they were hearing voices like "thud/empty/hollow".
once they were admitted they acted normal and insisted their symptoms were fake and they were a part of a st
once they were admitted they acted normal and insisted their symptoms were fake and they were a part of a st
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after Rosenhans study
Rosenhan showed his findings and agreed to send more pseudopatients, and for the hospitals to guess who they were. in reality, he never sent any at all.
41/193 were suspected by at least 1 staff member.
label=treated them differently
41/193 were suspected by at least 1 staff member.
label=treated them differently
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OCD neurochemicals
too much dopamine/too little serotonin=OCD
synaptic transmission, SSRI(stops uptake to linger in cleft to bind to receptor sites)
+szechtman-gave high levels of dopamine to animals=OCD symptoms
-extrapolation
+pigott-antidepressants help OCD in most peopl
synaptic transmission, SSRI(stops uptake to linger in cleft to bind to receptor sites)
+szechtman-gave high levels of dopamine to animals=OCD symptoms
-extrapolation
+pigott-antidepressants help OCD in most peopl
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OCD genetics
inherited, polygenetic, COMT (barrier to control dopamine levels) SERT (affects the transportation of serotonin, if too low=ocd) genes research from
twin studies = MZ 68% DZ 31%
stress diathesis model
+nestadt ->MZ 68% DZ 31% OCD with close rela
twin studies = MZ 68% DZ 31%
stress diathesis model
+nestadt ->MZ 68% DZ 31% OCD with close rela
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OCD neuroanatomy
orbitofrontal sends worry messages to Basal Ganglia -->caudate nucleus (filters worry messages if it is a worry-->thalamus for action). OCD= caudate nucleus not working so can't suppress signals and get compulsive behavior
-not 100%/ all OCD patients
+evi
-not 100%/ all OCD patients
+evi
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OCD evolutionary
checking and contamination had an evolutionary advantage for health and safety.
+face validity
-evolutionary hangover
+face validity
-evolutionary hangover
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other explanation for OCD
behaviorist= fear in OCD triggered by stimuli (unlikely to cause harm)reduce the level of fear by compulsive ritual which reduces anxiety--> reinforced by relief.
+hodgson and Rachman (two-process model)
-can't explain why so many OCD sufferers have the s
+hodgson and Rachman (two-process model)
-can't explain why so many OCD sufferers have the s
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OCD treatment
-SSRI - reduces worry messages, 3months and extra. blocks reuptake channel, serotonin stays in cleft longer, meet the threshold.
-Benzodiazepines (BZs) e.g Diazapam . slow your CNS, slows reaction, floppy,clumsy--> reduces anxiety
-Benzodiazepines (BZs) e.g Diazapam . slow your CNS, slows reaction, floppy,clumsy--> reduces anxiety
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phobias
" a strong persistent irrational fear, can cause avoidance and panic, is an anxiety disorder, must interfere with daily life and go beyond normal boundaries of fear-->excessive fear"
-social
-specific
-agoraphobia
-social
-specific
-agoraphobia
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Phobia symptoms (B, C, E)
behavioral-panic, avoidance, endurance.
cognitive-selective attention, irrational beliefs,cognitive distortion.
emotional -anxiety, unreasonable fear, e.g arachnophobia
cognitive-selective attention, irrational beliefs,cognitive distortion.
emotional -anxiety, unreasonable fear, e.g arachnophobia
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Two process model
1. phobia learnt through CC- association
2.maintained via OC-avoidance (running) reduces anxiety so the behaviour is reinforced by relief= maintained.
2.maintained via OC-avoidance (running) reduces anxiety so the behaviour is reinforced by relief= maintained.
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CC
I UCS --> UCR
R UCS + CS --> UCR
L CR --> CR
R UCS + CS --> UCR
L CR --> CR
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OC
S --> R
neg escape reinforcement.
run away=reduced anxiety-->learn to keep running as beh relief reinforced.
neg escape reinforcement.
run away=reduced anxiety-->learn to keep running as beh relief reinforced.
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generalization
same response to any similar stimulus. size matters e.g pavlovs dogs bells
bell A ,B, C
bell A ,B, C
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discrimination
after generalization, if two similar(generalized) stimuli never paired with UCS again
--> no longer produces a response
--> no longer produces a response
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extinction
if bell A is ringing but no food then the dog will no longer salivate
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spontaneous recovery
if brought back after a rest period and the UCS is shown, the R will be recovered.
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Systematic desensitization def
created by Wolpe, aimed to extinguish an undesirable beh fear, replacing it with relaxation.
as the states fear and relaxed cant coexist
-->counter conditioning, substitute a relaxation response for fear response, in presence of phobic stimuli.
as the states fear and relaxed cant coexist
-->counter conditioning, substitute a relaxation response for fear response, in presence of phobic stimuli.
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SD procedure
1. relaxation techniques. breathing, muscle relaxation exercises - must be willing and able to relax
2.create a fear hierarchy. collaboration between patient and therapist. small steps to end result
3.exposure (reciprocal inhibition) exposed to lowest lev
2.create a fear hierarchy. collaboration between patient and therapist. small steps to end result
3.exposure (reciprocal inhibition) exposed to lowest lev
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SD evaluation
+effective- McGrath 75% success in vivo specific phobia
-less successful with other phobias
(social/agoraphobia)
+suitable for a wide range of people e.g learning difficulties
-slow process
+appropriate to patients as doesn't cause trauma like flooding
-less successful with other phobias
(social/agoraphobia)
+suitable for a wide range of people e.g learning difficulties
-slow process
+appropriate to patients as doesn't cause trauma like flooding
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flooding
inescapable exposure to the feared stimuli until the fear disappears, overwhelming a person's senses until it becomes extinct.
-stops reinforcement as prevents running away
CS -->CR every time, no UCS=exctinction
-spontaneous recovery may happen at any t
-stops reinforcement as prevents running away
CS -->CR every time, no UCS=exctinction
-spontaneous recovery may happen at any t
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flooding eval
+cost effective and quick (can be done in a day)
-ethics, traumatic and harmful for patients --> but consent form signed
-only effective on specific phobias
-symptom substitution
-threat of severe health damage e.g heart attack
-ethics, traumatic and harmful for patients --> but consent form signed
-only effective on specific phobias
-symptom substitution
-threat of severe health damage e.g heart attack
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
behaviour that is far away from what is expected and accepted in society.
+judged in context-->stops false labelling
+independent from statistics (real people)
-value judgement->low reliability and individual perception.
-culturally dependent e.g wearing
+judged in context-->stops false labelling
+independent from statistics (real people)
-value judgement->low reliability and individual perception.
-culturally dependent e.g wearing
Back
deviation from the social norm
Card 3
Front
Jahoda-having only one means you are abnormal
self-actualization
mastery of the environment
personal growth
autonomy
perception of reality
integration
+highly comprehensive
+more positive view of mental health-->treatment
+face validity as good design(th
self-actualization
mastery of the environment
personal growth
autonomy
perception of reality
integration
+highly comprehensive
+more positive view of mental health-->treatment
+face validity as good design(th
Back
Card 4
Front
asks people how they feel and if they feel they can cope with life.
self-suffering ("I need help!")
maladaptiveness
unconventional behaviour
irrational
violation of modern beliefs and values
observer discomfort
+asks people how they feel -->gets help
-wha
self-suffering ("I need help!")
maladaptiveness
unconventional behaviour
irrational
violation of modern beliefs and values
observer discomfort
+asks people how they feel -->gets help
-wha
Back
Card 5
Front
8 pseudopatients-->12 different hospitals across 5 states. rang and asked for an appointment as they were hearing voices like "thud/empty/hollow".
once they were admitted they acted normal and insisted their symptoms were fake and they were a part of a st
once they were admitted they acted normal and insisted their symptoms were fake and they were a part of a st
Back
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