Psychology - Memory

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What is meant by encoding?
Encoding is the form in which information is stored. E.g. a word which is seen may be encoded if it is changed into a sound or a meaning (semantic encoding)
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What is the difference between the capacity of STM and the capacity of LTM?
The capacity of STM is much less than the capacity of LTM. STM can hold 7+/-2 items of information whereas LTM can hold an unlimited amount
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What are the main features of the working memory model?
Central executive; phonological loop; episodic buffer; visuo-spacial sketchpad; phonological store; articulatory control centre
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What does the central executive do? (2)
1) it doesn't store any information (limited capacity) 2) it allocates attention to the other systems
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What does the phonological loop do? (2)
1) it deals with spoken and written material 2) e.g. used to remember phone number
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What does the phonological loop consist of? (2)
1) phonological store 2) articulatory control process
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What does the phonological store do?
(inner ear) holds information in a speech based form (spoken words)
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What does the articulatory control process do?
(inner voice) used to rehearse and store verbal information
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What does the episodic buffer do? (2)
1) Integrates information from the central executive and LTM 2) acts as a temporary store for all types of information
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What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do? (2)
(inner eye) stores and processes movement, actions and non-moving visual patterns 2) used for encoding and analysing information in terms of its size, shape and colour
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What is one strength of the WMM?
Emperical, lab based evidence to support it. E.g. Baddley - CE cannot allocate attention to 2 tasks using the same component
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What is one limitation of the WMM?
Not a complete explanation of memory. The CE is too vague & infact more complex e.g. brain tumour, reasoning tests - did well, decision making test - not well.
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What research has been shown about age of witness and eyewitness testimony?
1) Yarmey - 651 adults stopped, talking to for 15 secons. 2 mins later, asked them to describe what woman was wearing. Results - no significant difference in accuracy but confidence levels higher in young people
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What reasearch has been shown about age of witness and eyewitness testimony?
Memon et al - compared young (16-33) and old (60-82). Results - short delay (35 mins) no difference in accuracy; long delay (1 week) older p's significantly less accurate. Conclusion - age only has effect after long period of time
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What is one study that has investigated the effect of anxiety on EWT?
Yuilee&Cutsnall-real life event.Robbery of gunstore(robber shot & killed by owner).48 hours later,21 EW interviewed by police.4/5 months later,13 EW interviewed by researchers.Results-more upset=more accurcate.Conclusion-anxiety improves accuracy
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How can students revise for an exam? (2)
1) anogrmas - word made & each letter is first letter of a word 2) mind map - key information, colours, pictures
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What is some research into the effects of misleading information on eyewitness testimony?
1) 45 p's (uni students) 5 groups of 9 p's. Witnessed car accident & asked leading questions which distorted accuracy. 2) 150 p's, 3 groups of 50. Shown film of accident & asked to estimate speed of cars when smashed/hit into eachother.
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Card 2

Front

What is the difference between the capacity of STM and the capacity of LTM?

Back

The capacity of STM is much less than the capacity of LTM. STM can hold 7+/-2 items of information whereas LTM can hold an unlimited amount

Card 3

Front

What are the main features of the working memory model?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the central executive do? (2)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the phonological loop do? (2)

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Preview of the front of card 5
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