psychology paper 3 key psychologists

Griffiths (2005)

There are 6 criteria that need to be met for a behaviour to be considered an addiction:
1. Salience
2. Mood Modification
3. Tolerance
4. Withdrawal Symptoms
5. Conflict
6. Relapse

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Griffiths (1993)

Regular gamblers heart rates decreased faster than non-regular gamblers, implying they needed to restart gambling more quickly to achieve the same level of arousal

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Joutsa et al (2012)

Dopamine levels were increased in participants given a gambling task and these levels were raised regardless of whether the outcome was a win or not.

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Boileau et al (2003)

Alcohol increases dopamine levels in the brain

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Volkow et al (1997)

Research shows a decrease in D2 receptors and decrease in dopamine release in addicts. Therefore, addicts need to engage more in the addictive behaviour to experience the same sensations and if they stop they will experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

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Volkow

Suggests that although dopamine reward pathway is the starting point for an addiction to develop, it is the changes this causes in the frontal cortex that turn engaging in a behaviour into an addiction.

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Robinson and Berridge (2003)

The dopamine system is playing the role of making the individual want to engage in the behaviour rather than simply making them like it

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Volkow et al (1992)

Cocaine addicts show abnormalities in their frontal cortex

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Bolla et al (2003)

Cocaine addicts show impaired performance in tasks that would usually use the frontal cortex, such as decision making

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Wang et al (1999)

Addicts show an increase in activity in their frontal cortex when exposed again to the drugs or cues associated with them

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Stokes et al (2009)

No significant increase in dopamine levels in volunteers taking cannabis

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Yoder et al (2007)

Found no consistent increase in dopamine across the participants in their study who were given alcohol

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Bell (2013)

Refers to dopamine as the 'Kim Kardashian of neurotransmitters' suggesting it has become fashionable to blame dopamine for causing a range of problems where in truth brain systems involved are much more complicated than the media presents

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Liberzon et al (1999)

Showed increased activation in the NAc war veterans suffering from PTSD when reminded of battle through combat sounds, which does not match the idea of this area being simply about pleasure and experiences we find enjoyable

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Nutt et al (2015)

criticised the methodology used by research in this area. the samples in the studies are often small and when participants are given the substance to measure its effects, they are often given it in a different form

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Goldman et al (2005)

Addictions were 'moderately to highly heritable' and reported that the heritability of addictions ranges from +.39 for hallucinogens to +.72 for cocaine.

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Comings et al (1996)

48.7% of smokers and ex smokers carried the A1 variant of the DRD2 gene compared with 25.9% of the general population. Similar results were found in gamling addicts, when 50.9% of them carried the A1 variant of the DRD2 gene in comparison with 25.9% of no

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Higuchi et al (2006)

Lower activity variant of ADH genes have been associated with an increased risk of alcohol dependence in oriental populations

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Edenberg et al (2006)

ADH4 variants have been found to affect alcoholism risk in European populations

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Kaufman et al (2007)

the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) has also bee linked to the development of alcoholism, but not on its own- it appears to interact closely with environmental factors such as maltreatment in childhood

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Kendler and Prescott (1998)

Interviewed nearly 2000 twins and found that although environmental and social factors would influence whether a person would initiate cocaine use, whether the person became addicted was more dependent on genetic factors. For example, the concordance rate

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Ojelade (2015)

when the gene Rsu1 was not functioning correctly in fruit flies it would lower their sensitivity to alcohol. Brain imaging was then used to test this in humans and found a relationship between this and alcohol dependence

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Kendler et al (2000)

showed that the heritability of tobacco use changed over time. by studing swedish twin pairs born between 1910 and 1958 found that in women born in the earlier years of the study, there was very little influence of genetic factors. Yet in those born in th

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Boardman et al (2008)

studied sibling and twin pairs and found that although there was a strong genetic component in the onset of smoking behaviour, the rate for daily smoking varied across the different schools in the sample.

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Eysenck (1997)

suggested a resource model of addiction, whereby the addiction develops because it fulfils a need relating to the individual's personality profile.

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Dalley et al (2007)

impulsive rats increased cocaine intake more than low impulsivity rats

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Stevens et al (2014)

impulsive individuals were less successful in treatment programmes as they were more likely to drop out and less likely to achieve and maintain abstinence

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Sinha (2001)

highlighted the role that stress plays in the initiation of an addiction, but also in the risk of relapse when an individual is trying to abstain

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Baumeister (1997)

Low self esteem may lead people to act in a manner that is self-defeating

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Mcnamara et al (2010)

found that in rats, impulsivity meant that the animals were more likely to self-administer cocaine but not heroin

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Kerr

Refers to the idea of an addictive personality as one of the 'myths of addiction' and suggests that there are so many traits listed that these would be typical of most individuals to some degree

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Buckholtz (2010)

looked at the levels of impulsivity in non-addicted individuals and then recorded what happened in their brains when given amphetamines. Those with higher impulsivity showed a greater dopamine release in response to the drug as well as lower receptivity

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Kahneman and Tversky (1973)

proposed that humans have a particular way of approaching decision making and making judgements of probabilities. we have adopted strategies to help us known as heuristics

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Griffiths (1994)

compared the verbalisation of 30 regular gamblers with 30 non regular gamblers while they were playing on a fruit machine. he found regular gamblers many more irrational verbalisation than the non regular gamblers

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Baboushkin et al (2001)

suggests that many heuristics are appropriate in everyday situations but not appropriate when dealing with chance events

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psychology paper 3 key psychologists

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