psychology paper 2 - approaches key words

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  • Created by: lxigh._
  • Created on: 30-01-18 14:33
empiricism
the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. it is generally characterised by the use of the scientific method in psychology
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introspection
the process by which a person gains knowledge about their mental and emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings
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scientific method
refers to the use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic, and replicable, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses based on these methods
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behaviourist
people who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings
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classical conditioning
when a neutral stimulus us consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of the stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
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operant conditioning
learning through reinforcement or punishment. if a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future
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punishment
involves the application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour, with the result that the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future
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reinforcement
a term used in psychology to refer to anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again in the future
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identification
a form of influence where an individual adopts an attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group
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imitation
the action of using someone or something as a model or copying their behaviour
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meditational processes
refer to the internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli
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modelling
a form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour
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social learning theory
learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded
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vicarious reinforcement
learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour, but through observing someone else being reinforced by that behaviour
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cognitive
relates to a mental process such as perception, memory, and reasoning
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cognitive neuroscience
an area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions
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computer model
refers to the process of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition
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inference/inferring
means reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning
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schema
a cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. schema help an individual to make sense on new information
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theoretical models
in cognitive psychology, models are simplified, usually pictorial, representations of a particular mental process based on current research evidence
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biological approach
views humans as biological organisms and so provides biological explanations for all aspects of psychological functioning
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evolution
refers to the change over successive generations of the genetic make-up of a particular population. the central proposition of an evolutionary perspective is that the genotype of a population is changeable (likely bc natural selection)
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gene
a part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA
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genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual. the genotype is a collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation to generation
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natural selection
the process by which inherited characteristics that enhance an individual's reproductive success are passed onto the next generation, and so become more widespread in the population over time
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neurochemistry
the study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system
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phenotype
the observational characteristics of an individual. this is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype with the environment
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defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety. defence mechanisms involve a distortion of reality in some way, so that we are better able to cope with a situation
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psychoanalysis
a term used to describe the personality theory and therapy associated with Sigmund Freud
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psychodynamic
refers to any theory that emphasises change and development in the individual, particularly those theories where 'drive' is a central concept in development. the best known psychodynamic theory is Freudian psychoanalysis
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unconscious
that part of the human mind that contains repressed ideas and memories, as well as primitive desires and impulses that have never been allowed to enter the conscious mind
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conditions of worth
conditions imposed on an individual's behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others
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congruence
if there is a similarity between a person's ideal self and self-image, a state of congruence exists. a difference represents a state of incongruence
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free will
the ability to act at one's own discretion, i.e. to choose how to behave without being influenced by external factors
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hierarchy of needs
the motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow, often displayed as a pyramid. the most basic needs are at the bottom and the higher needs at the top
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humanistic
refers to the belief that human beings are born with the desire to grow, create, and to love, and have the power to direct their own lives
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self
our personal identity used synonymously with the terms 'self-image' and 'self-concept'
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self-actualisation
a term used in different ways. Rogers used it as the drive to realise one's true potential. Maslow used it to describe the final stages of his hierarchy of needs
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determinism
behaviour is determined by external or internal factors acting upon the individual
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nature
behaviour is seen to be a product of innate (biological or genetic) factors
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nurture
behaviour is a product of environmental influences
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science
a systematic approach to creating knowledge. the method used to gain scientific knowledge is referred to as the scientific method
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the process by which a person gains knowledge about their mental and emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings

Back

introspection

Card 3

Front

refers to the use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic, and replicable, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses based on these methods

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

people who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

when a neutral stimulus us consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of the stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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