Psychology - Memory

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What are the assumptions of the Multi-store Model
1) Memory is not unitary (separate stores). 2) STM+LTM are each unitary stores. 3) Structured in a linear way and rehearsal is needed to pass information from STM to LTM. 4) Each store has its own characteristics (coding, capacity and duration).
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Define maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information to store it for a limited period of time, allow material to remain in the STM which only has a limited capacity and duration.
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Define elaborative rehearsal
Processing information for its meaning and the information is transferred in the LTM.
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Define capacity, coding and duration.
Capacity - how much info a memory store can hold. Coding - the format in which a memory store holds info. Duration - How long a memory store can hold info for.
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State the capacity, coding and duration of the LTM.
Capacity - Unlimited. Coding - Semantically, Duration - Forever.
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State the capacity, coding and duration of the STM.
Capacity - 7 +/-2 Coding - Acoustically Duration - 20 seconds
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State the capacity, coding and duration of the SM.
Capacity -12 Duration - 0.25 seconds Coding - 5 senses
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Name the 3 types of LTM
Episodic, Semantic and Procedural memories
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What is episodic memories?
Memories of things that happen to us. They are stored in chronological order on our 'mental timeline'. They are episodes of our lives and they are a form of explicit memory (consciously aware of the process of remembering when we recall them).
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What is semantic memories?
Memories of facts and enable us to identify physical things, and other concepts. They are a form of explicit memory, but our memories can be so efficient that we don't even feel that we are remembering, we just know.
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What is procedural memories?
These are memories of how to do things. These are a form of implicit memory as it feels automatic. Whilst we are still learning, they are explicit memories but once we have learn and stored the information, it becomes apart of our procedural memory.
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Whats the main assumption of the Working Memory Model
Is that STM can do more than one task simultaneously, as long as they require separate components.
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Define the central executive
Its uncharge of co-ordinating the other two subsystems and is involved in directing attention and high mental processes. It has a limited capacity and can process information in any coding format.
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Define the phonological loop
It is responsible for holding speech-based info+for articulatory control processes. Its active during verbal tasks. AL (inner voice) Holds info in auditory code+has limited capacity. PS (inner ear) holds acoustically coded non verbal info for ST.
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Define the visa-spatial sketchpad
Stores/manipulates visual+spatial information. It deals with what items look like+the physical relationship between them. It is active during visual task. Codes visually+limited capacity of 3-4 objects according to Baddeley.
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Define the episodic buffer
Baddeley introduced it in 2000 as the model needed a general store that could store both visual/spatial+verbal/auditory info for tasks that involved both kinds of info. Has limited capacity+maintains time-sequencing. Sends+retrieves info to+from LTM
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What is the duel task method when investigating working memory?
It tests participants' ability to divide their attention between two tasks. If we are successful then separate mental processes must be handling each task - thus WM does consist of separate parts, vice versa.
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Define the interference theory of forgetting
Suggests that previously stored+newly stored information interfere with each other. It occurs due to similarity of the 2 sets of info. Retroactive - new info 'overwrites' previously stored info. Proactive - old info prevents new info.
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Define the retrieval failure theory of forgetting
States that forgetting occurs when info becomes temporarily inaccessible: know an cue-dependancy theory. We lack the retrieval cues to locate the info (either external or internal). Recall - higher when state+context cues at recall+learning are same.
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Define an eyewitness testimony+why is it investigated
A first hand account of a crime, retold from memory, for use as evidence in a court case or as a statement to the police. The accuracy of memory+the types of errors that are commonly made are investigated.
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State the two factors affecting the accuracy of EWT and define them.
Misleading info is when questions can alter the memory+lead to inaccurate recall (leading questions+post-event discussion) Anxiety is when events cause emotional arousal (weapon focus).
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Define weapon focus as a form of anxiety
A witnesses' attention is typically focused on any weapon used in an incident, as a result of understandable fear. Therefore theres a corresponding lack of attention paid to the appearance of the perpetrator.
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Define leading questions as a form of misleading information
Questions that are phrased in such a way that suggest what the most likely answer should be. They make it likely that a witnesses' schema will influence them to given an expected answer or interpretation of an event, rather than an valid answer.
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Define post-event discussion as a form of misleading information
Memory of an event can be altered by discussing events with others and/or being questioned multiple times. Each time we recall a memory, it becomes 'malleable' again, and susceptible to change.
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How does the cognitive interview improve the accuracy of EWT?
Ensures that eyewitnesses are interviewed in a way that they will recall the crime that they have witnessed accurately. Based on the theory that info is organised in schemas in LTM, it also considers cue-dependant recall.
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What do cognitive interview questions aim to achieve?
Aim to access all of the witness' different schemas about what they did on the day of the crime, as one or more of these schemas will provide a possible route into the memory+act as a cue to trigger the memory of exactly what happened.
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What are the key features of the cognitive interview?
Context Reinstatement (mentally recreating an image of the situation), Report everything (even unimportant details), Recall in reverse order and Recall from a changed perspective (recreate the situation from different points of view).
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What are the key differences between a cognitive interview and a standard interview?
SI just asks witnesses to recall an event, but CI could ask them to recall the context in which the event occurred (environmental and emotional factors). CI take longer to complete and are more expensive as it requires training.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define maintenance rehearsal

Back

Repeating information to store it for a limited period of time, allow material to remain in the STM which only has a limited capacity and duration.

Card 3

Front

Define elaborative rehearsal

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define capacity, coding and duration.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

State the capacity, coding and duration of the LTM.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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