Psychology B543 GCSE

?
  • Created by: LucyJo01
  • Created on: 15-06-17 11:51
Aim:
To investigate whether...
1 of 74
Alternate Hypothesis:
There WILL be a difference / there WILL be a correlation
2 of 74
Null Hypothesis:
There WILL NOT be a difference / there WILL NOT be a correlation
3 of 74
Independant Variable:
What the researcher changes or manipulates
4 of 74
Dependant Variable:
What the researcher is measuring
5 of 74
Extranious Variable:
A factor in the experiment that is not the independant variable but that could affect the dependant variable if it is not controlled for. For example, the time of day/weather/noise levels etc.
6 of 74
Standardisation:
Keeping variables the same across all conditions so that extraneous variables cannot affect the results. For example, giving everyone the same instructions.
7 of 74
Independant Groups Design:
Using different participants in each condition.
8 of 74
Repeated Measures Design:
Using the same participants across all conditions/
9 of 74
Independant Groups Design Strengths:
No order effects such as practice or fatigue. Demand characteristics less likely
10 of 74
Independant Groups Design Weaknesses:
More participants are required so not practical. Individual differences may affect the results.
11 of 74
Repeated Measures Design Strengths:
Individual differences are NOT a factor affecting the results. More practical because fewer participants needed.
12 of 74
Repeated Measures Design Weaknesses:
Order effects such as practice and fatigue/boredom. Demand characteristics are more likely.
13 of 74
Target Population:
The entire set of people the researcher wants to be able to generalise their results to.
14 of 74
Sample:
The smaller group of people selected from the target popultion who the researcher will study.
15 of 74
Random Sampling:
Everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen.
16 of 74
Opportunity sampling:
The researcher chooses people who are available and convenient to gather.
17 of 74
Random Sampling Strengths:
Avoids researcher bias since equal chance of being chosen. Tends to give representative samples.
18 of 74
Random Sampling Weaknesses:
May draw a freak sample which is unrepresentative (e.g. all boys). Can be time consuming if population is large.
19 of 74
Opportunity Sampling Strengths:
It is easy and not time consuming for the researcher.
20 of 74
Opportunity Sampling Weaknesses:
The sample is researcher biased because they have chosen the participants themselves.
21 of 74
Can Do Can't Do With Participants (mneumonic)
Confidentiality, Deception, Consent, Debrief, Withdraw, Psychological harm
22 of 74
Confidentiality:
Participants' identities should be kept anonymous if their behaviour is recorded.
23 of 74
Right to Withdraw:
Participants should be able to leave the study if they want to.
24 of 74
Consent:
Participants should have agreed to have their behaviour studied.
25 of 74
Deception:
Participants should not be lied to about the nature of the investigation.
26 of 74
Psychological Harm:
Participants should not be caused unnecessary distress/embarassment/physical harm
27 of 74
Debrief:
Participants should leave the study in the same state they entered.
28 of 74
Labratory Experiment:
A controlled investigation where the researcher tests one or more variables to see the effect on another variable.
29 of 74
Field Experiment:
A controlled investigation which takes place in a natural environment.
30 of 74
Lab Experiment Strengths:
Since it is a highly controlled situation, extraneous variables will not affect the results.
31 of 74
Lab Experiment Weakness:
It is an artificial setting so it lacks ecological validity. Participants are more likely to show demand characteristics.
32 of 74
Field Experiment Strengths:
It is high in ecological validity because it is a natural environment.
33 of 74
Field Experiment Weaknesses:
Extraneous variables are likely to be affecting the results.
34 of 74
Self Report:
When participants give an account of their own experiences through interviews or questionnaires.
35 of 74
Open Questions:
Allow the prticipant to answer how they please and with as much detail as they want.
36 of 74
Closed Questions:
There is a set response to choose from (yes/no/numbers) which are pre-determined.
37 of 74
Questionnaires Strengths:
They can access peoples thoughts and feelings. They are easy to compare to spot trends. Easy to administer to a large group.
38 of 74
Questionnaires Weaknesses:
Social desirability may cause the particilants to lie. They may misunderstand the question and give unreliable answers.
39 of 74
Structured Interview:
The interviewer uses a set of pre-determined questions.
40 of 74
Unstructured Interview:
The interviewer has no set questions and asks questions based on the participant's answers.
41 of 74
Interview Strengths:
Provide more in-depth information than a questionnaire. Can gain insight into a person's feelings. Can check what questions mean.
42 of 74
Interview Weaknesses:
People may lie - social desirability. More time consuming than a questionnaire.
43 of 74
Participant Observation:
The researcher joins in with the group of people (can be overt or covert)
44 of 74
Non-Participant Observation:
Researcher observes the group from a distance.
45 of 74
Participant Observation Strengths:
Researchers can experience a situation from the participant's point of view and gain insight.
46 of 74
Participant Observation Weaknesses:
They may be subjective = researcher bias
47 of 74
Non-Participant Observation Strengths:
Allows the researcher to be more objective and stand back to observe.
48 of 74
Non-Participant Observation Weaknesses:
They cannot gain insight into the experiences of the group.
49 of 74
Overt Observation:
The Participants are aware that they are being studied as the researcher is visible.
50 of 74
Covert observation:
The participants do not know they are being observed.
51 of 74
Overt Strength:
More ethical because the participants have given consent.
52 of 74
Overt Weakness:
They are more likely to show demand characteristics
53 of 74
Covert Strength:
Less demand characteristics and more natural behaviour.
54 of 74
Covert Weakness:
Unethical because participants are deceived.
55 of 74
Case Study:
An in-depth analysis of the behaviour of 1 person or a small group of people
56 of 74
Correlation Study:
An analysis of two sets of data to look for a relationship between them.
57 of 74
Longitudinal Studies:
Carried out over a long period of time using the same participants.
58 of 74
Cross-Sectional Studies:
Two or more groups are compared or studied at the same time.
59 of 74
Quantitative Data:
Numerical data / numbers / statistics / percentages etc
60 of 74
Qualitative Data:
Uses language / descriptions / words.
61 of 74
Mode:
Average using the most common piece of information
62 of 74
Median:
Average using the middle number
63 of 74
Mean:
Add all numbers up and divide by the number of numbers
64 of 74
Validity:
Whether something is measuring what it says it is (accuracy/truthfulness)
65 of 74
Ecological Validity:
Reflective of a real life situaion (e.g. a field experiment)
66 of 74
Reliability:
If the results are consistent, and a replica of the study will produce similar results
67 of 74
Inter-Rater Reliability:
When more than one researcher observe the same event and compare results to make sure they are interpreting the data in the same way - in agreement with each other.
68 of 74
Demand Characteristics:
When people work out what the researcher is testing and change their behaviour because of this.
69 of 74
Social Desirability:
Participants answering questions do not give honest answers and instead give the answers they think the researcher wants to hear
70 of 74
Observer Effect:
Participants behave differently from normal because they know they are being observed.
71 of 74
Gender Bias:
Differences between men and women are exaggerated and male behaviour is seen as the norm whilst female behaviour is seen as abnormal.
72 of 74
Cultural Bias:
Viewing things only from the perspective of one culture, such as when findings are based off of the results of one culture, ignoring other cultures.
73 of 74
Experimenter Bias:
Experimenters see what the want to see and may influence the outcome by interpreting the results to support their hypothesis.
74 of 74

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

There WILL be a difference / there WILL be a correlation

Back

Alternate Hypothesis:

Card 3

Front

There WILL NOT be a difference / there WILL NOT be a correlation

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

What the researcher changes or manipulates

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

What the researcher is measuring

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Research methods and ethics resources »