PSYC125 Red Topics

What is statistical power?

The probability you find a statistically significant difference, provided it exists

1 of 105

What is incomplete within subjects design?

All possible combinations; done via factorial; only usually done with 3 or less groups/conditions

2 of 105

What is selected orders (Latin Square Design)?

Equally often in each position; has to be a multiple of the number of conditions; each condition precedes and follows only once

3 of 105

What is a disadvantage of the Latin Square Design?

Individual differences can still be seen

4 of 105

What is the complete within subjects design?

Each condition administered several times in different orders

5 of 105

What is an advantage of complete within subjects design?

Balance practice effects as each participant completes all conditions

6 of 105

What are the counterbalancing methods?

Block randomisation; Does all possible orders

7 of 105

What is the advantage of complete within subjects design?

Practice effects diminished

8 of 105

What is the ABBA Design?

Presents 1 random sequence of conditions; then present opposite; same amount of practice effects

9 of 105

What are the disadvantages of the ABBA Design?

Only balances linear practice effects; no use when non-linear

10 of 105

What are Linear Practice Effects?

Participants gain 1 "unit" of practice with each presentation of the condition

11 of 105

What are Non-Linear Practice Effects?

Participants work out order and anticipate next

12 of 105

What are the disadvantages of Non-Linear Practice Effects?

No use testing of ind diffs; time consuming; levels of IV are present an unfolding time sequence that can't be undone; can't do it when can't repeat DV; Differential Transfer Effects

13 of 105

What are differential transfer effects?

The effects of the condition before affecting the condition after

14 of 105

What is sensitivity?

Detecting small effect of IV on DV

15 of 105

What is the floor effect?

Low scores because the task is too hard (no room for variation)

16 of 105

What is the ceiling effect?

High scores because the task is too easy (no room for variation)

17 of 105

What is the solution to overcoming the floor/ceiling effect?

Not make the tasks too hard or too easy

18 of 105

What do you have to consider in regards to the sample?

Appropriate to the task

19 of 105

What are the 3 criteria for internal validity?

Show co-variation/correlation; show time/order relationship; eliminate all other possible causes

20 of 105

What are the 5 key threats to internal validity?

Test-intact groups; order/practice/fatigue; differential transfer effects; extraneous variables; unequal loss across groups

21 of 105

What are in tact groups?

Between subjects design

22 of 105

How to practice/order/fatigue effects occur?

Within subjects designs; (practice get better, fatigue get worse)

23 of 105

How do we balance these effects?

Counterbalancing

24 of 105

What are extraneous variables?

Cause variation not related to manipulation; e.g. room, temperature, experimenter etc

25 of 105

What is unequal loss across groups?

Ppts dropping out of one condition significantly more than the other (only in between subjects design)

26 of 105

What are participant expectancy effects?

E.g. cannabis and memory - expect to do worse, so do worse

27 of 105

How do you get over participant expectancy effects?

Use a placebo

28 of 105

What are experimenter expectancy effects?

Experimenter affects the outcome of the experiment

29 of 105

What is a study highlighting experimenter expectancy effects?

Rosenthal and Fode (1963)

30 of 105

What did Rosenthal and Fode do?

Altered the lighting in a work place to see if it affected work efficiency, workers copped on and whenever it changed worked harder, as knew they were being observed

31 of 105

How do you get around this?

Double-blind trials

32 of 105

What is external validity

Applying the findings to real life

33 of 105

What is convergent validity?

The multi-modal approach; conduct controlled experiments and a naturalistic study, if you come to the same conclusions you have convergent val

34 of 105

What are the assumptions for t-tests?

Parametricity of the DV and it meets parametric assumptions

35 of 105

How are these aims achieved?

Interval/ratio data (only ordinal if have a massive sample); report mean and SDs, have 95% confidence intervals

36 of 105

What do you then do to work it out?

Multiply the standard error by +/- 1.96 to give you 95% confidence levels

37 of 105

What happens if the sample mean is similar (small difference)?

Same population= selected similar groups, different population = similar means

38 of 105

When can t tests be used?

Sampling different populations with similar means

39 of 105

What happens when sample means are dissimilar (or a large difference?)

Same population and randomly selected extremes; different populations with different means

40 of 105

What is the sample Standard Deviation?

Standard Error comparing sample means (mean difference divided by standard error)

41 of 105

What are the main features of t tests?

Powerful test of difference; divide mean of difference by standard deviation of difference of scores; same as linear regression models

42 of 105

Should we have variance?

Yes and we can have it for variety of reasons

43 of 105

What are these 2 reasons?

Our model or anything else

44 of 105

What is total variance?

Model variance + error variance

45 of 105

What is manipulation variance?

How far the scores are from the grand mean

46 of 105

What is error variance?

How individual scores differ from the group mean

47 of 105

What do you need to know for the anatomy of equations?

Total sum of squares; manipulation sum of squares; error sum of squares and degrees of freedom

48 of 105

How do you report an unrelated ANOVA?

An unrelated one way ANOVA found a (significant) effect of X on Y, F(critical value, df) = _, P(

49 of 105

What do we not know when conducted an ANOVA?

If there is an overall effect

50 of 105

How do we address this?

By conducting post-hoc analysis (planned comparisons)

51 of 105

What do we want to try and find out?

If comparing a placebo has significant differences; (sig dif between control and any intake); compare high dose to other level

52 of 105

What are the features of post-hoc analysis?

No a priori assumptions; Compare all groups to each other; decide which tests to use after initial analysis

53 of 105

What are the features of planned comparisons?

A priori assumptions; few meaningful comparisons; decide on tests before initial analysis

54 of 105

What are the features of Scheffe's test?

All possible comparisons

55 of 105

How do you conduct Scheffe's test?

Compare averages of groups A & B to averages of groups C, D and E

56 of 105

What are the features of pairwise comparisons?

All possible pairwise comparisons

57 of 105

How do you conduct Pairwise comparisons?

Compare the mean of every group with the mean of every group with the mean of every other group

58 of 105

What is Dunnett's test?

All groups compared with a control group and compare all groups to this, not each other

59 of 105

What is Bonferroni's test (NOT CORRECTION)

Compare specific groups based on theoretical comparisons e.g. only comparing A and B or B and C

60 of 105

What should planned comparisons always be?

Theoretically sound!!

61 of 105

What do you have to remember about planned comparisons?

The more comparisons, the higher the chance of making a type 1 error

62 of 105

How do you apply Bonferroni's correction?

Divide the accepted level of significance (P

63 of 105

Do less planned comparisons have more or less statistical power than loads of unplanned post hoc tests

More as controlling for type 1 errors

64 of 105

What can Student Newman Keuls test?

All comparisons

65 of 105

How does SNK work?

Works on difference sums (means); find the largest difference between mean groups and work down

66 of 105

What happens next?

Have all possible differences between all group means (observed values); difference should be greater than critical value

67 of 105

What parameters should you use?

Degrees of freedom as given in main ANOVA

68 of 105

What are the assumptions of an ANOVA?

Interval/ratio level data; normally distributed; homogeneity of variance; homoscedasticity and sphericity

69 of 105

What are the stoic principles underlying qualitative research?

Aristotle's tabula rasa - born a blank slate; knowledge enters through the senses; truth obtained through reason

70 of 105

What are the sophist principles underlying qualitative research?

No such thing as absolute truth; knowledge is individual opinion; truth obtained via discourse

71 of 105

What are the empiricist principles underlying qualitative research?

John Locke - knowledge is experience vis the senses; experimentation & observation; scientific approach to study of the mind

72 of 105

What are the Anthony Ashley-Cooper's principles underlying qualitative research?

Embrace the social; look at behaviour in a socio-historical context; scientific truth comes from discourse

73 of 105

What are the Wundt's principles underlying qualitative research

Founder of modern psychology; started qualitative research; incorporated culture, expression, beliefs, morality and imagination

74 of 105

What are the William James' principles underlying qualitative research?

Radical empiricism; objective analysis; mind, experiences and nature are inseperable

75 of 105

What are the scientific empiricist views?

Quantifying individual experiences; atomist point of view (single our brain functions)

76 of 105

How can change occur?

War, unethical experiments, feminism and increased world funding

77 of 105

What is the post-modernist view of qualitative research?

No single clear window into the mind; filters affect behaviour; wide range of methologies; ongoing debate

78 of 105

What are the features of qualitative research?

Qual data, natural, focus on meaning, cultural patterns; description; idealistic

79 of 105

What are the contrasting features of quantitative research?

Quant data; artificial; focuses on behaviour; seeks scientific laws; prediction; realistic

80 of 105

What are the advantages of quantitative research?

Purity of data and control; More order (theory building); reliable, valid and generalisable; strong roots in behaviourism

81 of 105

What are the disadvantages of quantitative research?

Stripped of context; meaning and purpose detached; Responses don't help us understand the individual; specific contexts; limited analysis

82 of 105

What are the advantages of qualitative research?

Rich in detail; examine underlying structures of data; not as strict interpretations; context and meaning included

83 of 105

Why is it useful to combine qual and quant research?

Useful 1st step in research; both unobtrusive and obtrusive

84 of 105

What is unobtrusive data collection?

No contact/influence on data collected; non-reactive; data usually exists before research; greater value in some fields (criminality e.g.)

85 of 105

What is acretion?

Build up of physical traces

86 of 105

What are some examples of acretion?

Litter, graffiti; latrinalism; art

87 of 105

What is does erosion indicate?

Desire lines; flaws in public space designs; social relationships; wear on flooring; wear and tear of a book (indicating popularity)

88 of 105

What are the advantages of erosion?

Tells us about actions; high face validity; data is readily available

89 of 105

What are the disadvantages of erosion?

Intention inferred; additional evidence needed; bias- degrade over time

90 of 105

What does archival data consist of?

Running records (databases); doctors records; police records

91 of 105

What are examples of episodic/discontinous/personal records?

Police interviews; witness statements; company/institution records; media; diaries

92 of 105

What is the disadvantage of episodic records

Bias - Selective deposit; selective addition/omission; selective survival

93 of 105

What is simple observation?

Unobserved, passive, unobtrusive role; no control over behaviour

94 of 105

What techniques are used in simple observation?

Notes, audio recording; video recording; checklists

95 of 105

What are the 5 types of simple observation according to Lee, 2000?

Exterior physical signs; expressive movements; physical movement; in-situ conversations and time related behaviour

96 of 105

What are the advantages of simple observation?

Can't be realistically/ethically reproduced in a lab; chronology of events; accurate permanent records (can be reanalysed in the future)

97 of 105

What are the disadvantages of simple observation?

External validity - subjective analysis; selective recordings; assumptions about human behaviour made - social rules

98 of 105

What are the challenges of unobtrusive data collection?

Not true research data; recorded for other reasons; low quality and validity; ethical breaches; hard to get access; bias; doesn't tell us why

99 of 105

What strategies can be employed to deal with this?

Consider data origins; standardise recording procedures; be alert to bias; corroboration of different sources; take care in drawing inferences

100 of 105

What are the features of obtrusive data collection?

Generated for current research; take the form of field studies, focus groups; researcher involved with participants

101 of 105

What is discourse analysis?

How language constructs social reality and social contact

102 of 105

What is included?

All forms of texts and speech

103 of 105

What is performative discourse?

Produces phenomena, it regulates and constrains

104 of 105

What is functional discourse?

Provides a means to an end - sophist discourse - social structure

105 of 105

Get Revising

PSYC125 Red Topics

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources: