PS2002 Social Psychology

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___________ is the complete set of beliefs people have about themselves; made up of ___________.
self-concept, self-schemas
1 of 49
Social-Comparison Theory
describes how we form views about the selves
2 of 49
Saying "Charlotte is better at maths than me" is
upward social comparison
3 of 49
According to _____, self-esteem is a measure of the level of social inclusion.
Sociometer theory
4 of 49
What is not one of the fundamental self-motives guiding gathering and interpreting information about the self?
self-contextualisation
5 of 49
According to Kelley's Co-variation Model (1976)
an observer infers causal explanation based on consensus information, distinctiveness and consistency
6 of 49
Masuda & Nisbett (2001) proposed that
the different strength in the biases in attriobution stems from differences in cognitive styles between collectivistic and individualistic cultures
7 of 49
Which statement is flase?
LaPierre's (1934) hospitality study showed a strong link between attitudes and behaviour
8 of 49
Excitation transfer is an example of
embodied social cognition
9 of 49
Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) found that
coercion allows to justify a behaviour inconsistent with attitudes, thus reducing the cognitive dissonance
10 of 49
Which is not a mechanims for subliminal primes?
self-affirmation
11 of 49
Which statement is false?
defensiveness to fear-inducing messages can be increased by self-affirmation
12 of 49
According to ELM (1986)
all answers are correct
13 of 49
Cognitive dissonance is
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their various attitudes) are inconsistent with each other.
14 of 49
The Ringelmann effect is another name for
as groups increase in size, the discrepancy between a group's actual performance and its potential performance increases progressively
15 of 49
Early studies (e.g., Ingham et al.’s (1974) tug-of-war study) show that individuals are less effective when working with others than by themselves, because of
social loafing and coordination loss
16 of 49
The SIDE model (Reicher et al., 1995) proposes that
in crowds, rather than experiencing a loss of self, there is simply a change from personal to social identity as social identity becomes more important
17 of 49
________ is the behaviour most common in a given situation, whereas _____ is behaviour most common or (un)desirable in a given situation
descriptive norm, injunctive norm
18 of 49
Emergence of a group norm in Sherif's (1936) study of the autokinetic phenomenon is an example of
informational influence
19 of 49
What is referent informational influence?
When someone adheres to group norms because they have internalised those group norms as the appropriate way to ac as member of that group
20 of 49
Christoph changes an answer of his homework because all his friends have answered differently and he believes they are better at the subject than he is. This is an example of
informational social influence
21 of 49
Which statement is true?
Minority influence may lead to private conversion
22 of 49
Minority influence encourages groups to change and new ideas to develop, but in order for it to be successful it must display
consistency
23 of 49
Group polarization is
more extreme in the direction of the initial everage position
24 of 49
Prototype is
the thing that defines a group ans sets it apart from other groups
25 of 49
The main notion of the 'Great Man' theory is
charisma
26 of 49
The key to authority according to Turner's (2005) 3-process theory of power is
legitimacy
27 of 49
According to the stereotype content model of Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, and Xu (2002)
a combination of low warmth and high competence evokes envy
28 of 49
An example of stereotype threat is when _______________ at maths when reminded of the stereotype that boys are better at the subject
girls do worse
29 of 49
In a study conducted by Myers and Bishop (1970), people who discussed their racial attitudes with like-minded others became more prejudiced if they already held prejudiced views. This is an example of
group polarization
30 of 49
Two models of how contact should be coducted in order to reduce prejudice are ________ and _________. While the first emphasises seeing others as individuals, the second one highlights the importance of group salience for generalisation.
de-categorisation model; mutual intergroup differentiation model
31 of 49
Why does the extended contact work?
it results in a change in perceived group norm
32 of 49
Subjective, favourable attitude towards women, chivalrous ideology that offers protection to women who embrace traditional roles is
benevolent sexism
33 of 49
An antipathy towards women who are viewed as challenging men's power is
hostile sexism
34 of 49
Three main antedecents of collective action are
sense of injustice, identification with the disadvantaged group, perceived collective efficacy
35 of 49
According to the collective action approach, how should social change be achieved?
through pressure from socially disadvantaged groups
36 of 49
When faced with low permeability of group boundaries, what if one of the appraisals that shapesshapes further responses?
legitimacy of status differences
37 of 49
If group status differences seem illegitimate and unstable
disadvantaged groups challange existing hierarchy
38 of 49
What is the key difference between the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis and the Negative-State-Relief Model?
what drives helping behaviour
39 of 49
According to the Sociometer Theory, _____ at time 1 should predict ____ at time 2.
being liked; self-esttem
40 of 49
Strack, Martin and Stepper (1988) asked participants to watch funny cartoons whilst holding a pen between their lips or teeth. Participants rated the cartoons funnier in the ‘teeth’ condition. This is an example of
embodied social cognition
41 of 49
In Cialdini et al.’s (1990) study of littering norms, participants littered the least when they witnessed a confederate __________ in a ________ setting.
littering; litter free
42 of 49
What does the term 'social identity' refer to?
the aspect of the self that is determined by our group memberships
43 of 49
A key theme is social identity theory is that
people seek to differentiate their own group positively
44 of 49
In social identity theory, 'social creativity' involves
choosing dimensions that allow for positive differentiation
45 of 49
The contact hypothesis suggests that intergroup contact will reduce prejudice if
contact involves cooperation towards a common goal
46 of 49
Meta-analyses (Huesmann, 2007) show that the correlation between consumption of violent media material and real-life aggressive behaviour is
Two answers are correct
47 of 49
According to Kelley’s covariation theory, an observer would make a person attribution on the basis of which information?
Low consensus, high consistency, low distinctiveness
48 of 49
Studies of bystander intervention show that people sometimes infer that because no one is helping, no one feels that it is appropriate or necessary to help. This is best encapsulated by which concept?
pluralistic ignorance
49 of 49

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Card 2

Front

Social-Comparison Theory

Back

describes how we form views about the selves

Card 3

Front

Saying "Charlotte is better at maths than me" is

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

According to _____, self-esteem is a measure of the level of social inclusion.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is not one of the fundamental self-motives guiding gathering and interpreting information about the self?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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