population of 540 million. Couples were encouraged to have more children. By 1970 the population was 830 million. Famine 1958-1961 because there wasn't enough resources for everyone.
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What policy was introduced in 1970?
Late, long, few. This encouraged couples to have children later, leave longer gaps between children and and fewer of them.
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What was the effectiveness of this policy?
Reduced the fertility rate from 5.7 to 2.9 by 1979.
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What policy was introduced in 1979?
One-child policy. Couples were encouraged to have just 1 child by offering benefits like longer maternity leave, free education and better housing. Couples who had more than 1 had no benefits and their income was fined.
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What was the result of the policy?
Prevented 400 million births. Fertility rate dropped from 2.9 to 1.8 by 2009. Some thought the other policy was effective and that people wanted fewer children as they became wealthier. Resulted in an ageing population
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Exceptions to the policy
In some rural areas couples can have a second if the first is a girl or the child has a physical disability. If one parent has a disability or both parents are only children they can have 2.
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UK
Ageing Population
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Information
In 2005 16% of the population was over 65. By 2041 it could be 25%.
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Causes
Medical advances and improved living standards resulted in higher life expectancy - 81.5 (f) and 77.2 (m) , baby booms in 1940s and 1960s caused pensioner boom. Fewer babies are born since 1970s meaning there is a higher proportion of older people.
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Impacts
More elderly in poverty as smaller working population means smaller state pension, government are struggling to pay the state pension despite it being low,
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Impacts (continued..)
strain on health service as older people need more health care ( av. stay is 13 nights for 75+, whereas 8 nights for rest of UK)
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Strategies to influence population change
Tax credits for women and men who go back to work after having children, immigration of young people (80% of immigrants 34 or under)
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Strategies to cope
Raise retirement age up to 68 means more people paying tax, encourage private pensions by offering tax credits this means older people are less dependent on their state pension
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Poland to the UK
International Migration
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How many people, approximately, moved from Poland to the UK between 2004 and 2007?
Half a million
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Push Factors
High unemployment - 19%, low wages - average was a third of the average EU wage, housing shortage, 300 dwellings for every 1000 people
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Pull Factors
Ease of migration - UK allowed unlimited migrants into the country, high wages and demand for tradesmen, good exchange rate - pound was worth a lot compared to the Zloty.
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Impacts on Poland
Ageing population - young people who left, helped with the housing shortage and unemployment problem as people that left didnt need them anymore, shortage of workers - slow growth of economy, around 3 billion Euros sent home in 2006
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Impacts on UK
Boosted economy but a lot of money was sent back home, more taxes were being paid, people were unhappy with the number of immigrants
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Policy Changes
Immigrants from Poland have to register with the Worker Registration Scheme so UK Border Agency can monitor the number and see the effect, immigrants from the newer EU states like Romania and Bulgaria have to get permission from the Home Office
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
population of 540 million. Couples were encouraged to have more children. By 1970 the population was 830 million. Famine 1958-1961 because there wasn't enough resources for everyone.
Back
What happened in 1949?
Card 3
Front
Late, long, few. This encouraged couples to have children later, leave longer gaps between children and and fewer of them.
Back
Card 4
Front
Reduced the fertility rate from 5.7 to 2.9 by 1979.
Back
Card 5
Front
One-child policy. Couples were encouraged to have just 1 child by offering benefits like longer maternity leave, free education and better housing. Couples who had more than 1 had no benefits and their income was fined.
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