Political instability and extremism

?
Political extremism from the left
....
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Causation of left-wing uprising
....
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After workers and soliders had helped ebert with the november revolution how did Ebert 'betray' them?
He cooperates with the right instead
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Why were the left against the Ebert-Gronener Pact ?
unreformed the Army leaving it right-wing
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Why were the left against the Stinnes-Legion Pact?
meant industry wasn't nationalised
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When did Ebert disband workers' councils?
December 1918
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What else did Ebert remove angering the left?
Soviets (councils)
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What were many inspired by in Russia?
There communist revolution and successful creation of a communist state 1917
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Spartacist uprising
....
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When was the spartacist uprising ?
5 jan-13th jan 1919
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What 2 people led it?
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
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What did it start off as before it turned into an armed uprising?
a General strike
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Where was it?
Berlin
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How many workers took part?
500,000
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What did the Army rely on to squash the revolt?
freikorps
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What were the Freikorps?
not the official military but a right-wing parliamentary group of ex-soldiers that were given weapons and uniforms but more violent and less disciplined
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Why did Ebert rely on the army and friekorps (right wing)?
Workers couldn't support him, had weapons, Ebert-Gronener Pact, right were opposed to communism
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How many revolutionaries died including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknect?
150
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Why had the way the SPD dealt with the uprising alienated the left?
Sided with the right
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What did the defeat of the uprising enable to the government to do? political
hold elections for the constituent assembly
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Why did the Freikorps stop the revolution?
Because they hated communism and were determined to stop the revolution
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Why had the Spartacist uprising not have enough popular support?
Weimar was popular with workers and elites and industrialists feared a communist takeover
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Why else had the Strike failed (reasons of why internal to the revolution - orgainsation)?
poor leadership, poor organization, unrealistic expectations that, Russian style fo government could be formed and the strike was never to the revolution
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Key facts of all the other left uprisings
....
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How long did the Sparacist urpising last?
a week
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How many rebels were killed?
160
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How many Friekorps were killed?
17
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When were the Berlin March fights?
March 1919
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How long did the Berkin March fights last?
2 weeks
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What were the Berlin March fights?
street fights between the Soviets and Frikorps
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How many were killed in the Berlin March fights?
2000
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When was the Bavarian Soviet republic created?
April 1919
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How long did it last?
1 month
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How did it end?
The Army and Friekorps overthrew it
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When was the General strike in Rhur?
1920
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What was it in response to?
the Kapp Putsch
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How long did the general strike in Ruhr last?
1 month
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How many were involved?
50,000
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Who was it suppressed?
by the Amry and Friekorps
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When was the Hamburg Uprising? (later on then the other ones)
Ocotber 1923
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How many people were involved in the Hamburg Uprising?
5000
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How many were killed when it was suppressed by the police and the Amry?
100
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How did the law-abiding moderate Germans feel?
Had increased distrust in democracy, scared them into thinking a democratic moderate government was weak
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Threats from the right (1919-32)
.....
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Reasons why the right hated the republic
.....
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Why did they lost out when the Kaiser abdicated?
Junkers, Judges, Civil Servents, Amry all been in a privalged popstions under Kaiser because angry democratic government has power
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Give an example of 1 compromise
Stinnes-Legion Pact
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What did many see the socialist government as? (anti-semitic)
Juden-Republik
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What else did they see the Weimar Government as that was a myth developed by Ludendorff and Hindenburg?
November criminals
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What was the first threat?
Kapp Putsch
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When was the Kapp Putsch?
1920
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When did The defence minister order two Friekorps stationed just outside of Berlin to disband and why?
Feb 1920 - to Comply with the TOV
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Who refused to disband them leading to Bauer and Ebert to order his arrest?
General von Luttwitz
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When did Luttwitz march his Freikorps to Berlin ?
12 March 1920
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Luttwitz was supported by other sympathetic officers, right-wing civil servents and sympathetic officers and politicians, give an example
Wolfgang Kapp (poltican)
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When did Kapp issue a proclamation statinng Germany was in a crsis and only a strong right wing governemnt would bring stability?
13th March 1920
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Where was Eberts Government forced to flee to?
Stuttgart
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What did Ebert call the army to do ? (simple just heard isabelle becaise the Amry becomes important)
to crush the uprising
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Why did the Army refuse to fire upon the Frikorps? (quotation)
"troops do not fire on troops' - General Von Seeckt
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Thus what were the Amry breaking?
The Ebert Gronener Pact
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How long did Kapp and his troops control Berlin?
four days
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what successfully ended the Putsch?
Ebert calling the workers of Berlin a general strike because it brought Berlin to a standstill and thus, causing the Putsch to collapse
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Who resigned after the Putsch?
Chancellor Bauer
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What happened to Kapp?
He fled but died awaiting trial
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What happened to Luttwitz?
He was granted early retirement and escaped prosecution
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How many out of the 705 men who were put on trial to overthrow the government were found guilty?
only 1 - (judiciary system were right-wing)
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give a few reasons of why the Putsch was a major threat?
revealed the weakness of the Weimar gov, could not rely on the army and there was lenient treatment towards those involved in the Putsch
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What did Seeckt gain showing weakness? (the guy that said troops do not fire on troops)
a promotion
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However, why might it be seen as a major threat? (workers)
The Government has the support of the people of Berlin as they agreed to the strike
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What was the second threat?
Assassinations led by the right-wing
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What were the 'patriotic leagues'?
Right-wing extremists may of whom had been Freikorps
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What was the most active of the patroatic league ?
Organisation coucil
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What radical socialist (member of the USPD)was assassinated in October 1919?
Hugo Haase
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When was Matthias Erzberger killed?
August 1921
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Who was Erzberger?
Signed tov, part of Von Baden's gov
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Who killed Erzberger?
Organisatiopn Consul
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When was Walter Rathenau killed?
June 1922
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Who was Ratheuau?
Weimar foreign minister
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What was the attack?
Anti-semitic attack
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Who was he killed by?
Organisation Consul
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What was the total amount of assassinations carried out by the left?
22
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What was the total amount of assassinations carried out by the right?
354
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long term government reaction of the government reaction
....
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When was the law of the protection of the republic passed?
June 1922
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What was the aim of this law?
Gov trying to crack down on patriotic league
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What dod the law ban?
the Organisation Counsul
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What did the law of the protection republic impose for conspiratory to murder?
severe penalties
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Why was the law of the protection republic a failure
....
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What region refused to implement the law?
Bavarian government
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Why did the Judiciary system made the law a failure?
sympathetic judges to the right
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For example, how many years in prison did the murderer of Rathenau get?
4
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How many right wing murders went unpunished?
362
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How mnay left wing murderers were given death sentences?
10
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What does this show?
They were treated harshly
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The Munich beer hall Putsch
NOV 1923
95 of 176
Early years of the Nazi party
....
96 of 176
Why did Barvia have a very right wing government?
Because the communists took over Barvia for 1 month in 1919 and suppressed by the Army and Freikorps
97 of 176
Thus, what Munich become a centre for?
Anti-Weimar parties
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What poltical angent was sent by the Army to investigate party DAP?
Adolf Hitler
99 of 176
Why did Hitler then become a member?
because he found that he agrreed with their polcies
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Why did his position in the party rise quickly?
He was a great speaker
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How did Hitler rise support for the party?
He became head of propaganda
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When did the German workers party change its name to NAtional socilaist German workers Party (NSDAP)(NAZI)?
Feb 1920
103 of 176
What else did they realise in FEB 1920?
manifestio (25 point programme)
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When did Hitler become the leader of the Nazi party?
1921
105 of 176
What else did Hitler create in 1921?
The SA
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Who mostly made up the SA?
former Friekorps
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However, what was the Nazi Party still?
Mostly unkown
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Background of the Putcsh
....
109 of 176
What was Hitler wanting to emulate from an event that happened in Italy 1922?
Mussolini had seized power in Italy by marching into Rome
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Why in Nov 1923 were the public angered at Weimar?
Hyperinflation + Ruhr cisis
111 of 176
Who recruited the SA?
Rohm
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Who led the SA?
Hermann Goering
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What 3 right-wing politicians led Bavaria in 1923?
Kahr, Lossow, Seisser
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What did Kahr, Lossow and Seisser all want what type of government?
Authortarian
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What did Stressmann call-off in Nov 1923?
passive resisiatcne in Ruhr
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Events of the Munich Putsch
....
117 of 176
Why did Kahr, Lossow ad Seisser invite Hitler to meet them originally ?
In a plan to overthrow the Gov
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What important figure did Hitler gain the support of in hope that the Amry would follow?
Ludenforff
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When did Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser decide to postpone the rebellion ?
4th NOV 1923
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Hitler was furious, what did he do in retaliation?
Decided it would go ahead led by the Nazi's
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When did Hitler storm a Beer hall where Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser were holding a meeting and forced them to join the Putsch?
Nov 8th 1923
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What was the role of the SA and other Nazi supporters ?
Rampaging through Munich
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How many SA were there at this time ?
3000
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What day did Nazis march on Muich and were met by the Amry and Police where a gun battle ensued?
9th Nov 1923
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Hitler fled, when was he found?
3 days later
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Outcomes of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch
....
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What did Hitler go on trial for?
Treason
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What was his sentence?
5 years
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But what did he serve?
9 months
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Why was the trial a benefit for the Nazi party?
gave them national recongsistion
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What did Hitler turn the trial into ?
a publicity oppourtniuty
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What did he become shown by even the judge agreeing with his actions?
nationalist hero
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What was Lundendorff found, guilty or not guilty?
not guilty
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Was the Weimar republic politically unstable?
....
135 of 176
How many Chancellors were there 1919-1923?
8
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How many Governments were there 1919-1923?
10
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Left-Wing parties 1919-1923
...
138 of 176
How many KPD members were there?
5000
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What were the KPD main aims?
State ownership of productions, local workers milita in replacemnt of the Army, welfare benefits, republicsn governemnt control by wokrers and soilider's councils(soveits)
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When did the USPD break away from SPD?
1917
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Who led the USPD?
Hugo Hasse
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How many members did the USPD had?
300,000
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What were they more than SPD?
More socialist
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Give examples of things they wanted?
Break up large estates, nationalisation of industry, wanted the reichstag to work with workers councils
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Who led the SPD?
Freidrich Ebert and Philip Schidermann
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What type of socialists were there?
Moderate socialist republic
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Did they want full nationalization of industry?
no, just some
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What type of elections did they want?
democratic elections
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What did they want for the popel?
Welfare improvement and basic personal freedoms
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Who mostly supported the spd?
W/C and M/C
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when were they the largest party in the Reichstag?
1912-1930
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What was their a membership?
1 million
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Centre PARTIES
....
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What religion did the Centre party protect the intrests of ?
Catholic
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Did they support the deomcratic consitiution?
yes
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Where did their support come from?
Catholic areas like Bavaria and Rhineland
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Fact to show there popularity in the Reichstag
often the second or the third party in the Reichstag
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Who were the German Democratic Party (DDP)
Centre to left liberal party
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Who maostly supported the DDP?
Mostly intellectuals and middle classes
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Right WING
.....
161 of 176
What were the german People's Party (DVP)?
A right leaning liberal party
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What did they oppose?
The Weimar republic
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However, were they still willing to participate in its government?
yes
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Who did the DVP get support from?
Junkers, Mittlesand, industrialists
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Who were the German national peoples party (DNVP)?
nationalist party
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Why did they reject the Weimar republic?
wanted to return to authoritarian sytle of government
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Who supported the DNVP? rich
Landowners and buissnessowners
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How many seats did the SPD have in Jan 1919?
163
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How many seats did the SPD have in june 1920?
103
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How many seats did the DNVP have Jan 1919?
44
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How many seats did the DNVP have in June 1920 ?
71
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How many seats did USPD have Jan 1919?
22
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How many seats did USPD have June 2020?
83
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How many seats did the KPD have Jan 1919?
0
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How many seats did the KPD have June 1920?
4
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Causation of left-wing uprising

Back

....

Card 3

Front

After workers and soliders had helped ebert with the november revolution how did Ebert 'betray' them?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why were the left against the Ebert-Gronener Pact ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why were the left against the Stinnes-Legion Pact?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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