Plate Tectonics: Case Studies and Example

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MONTSERRAT
MONTSERRAT
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Where is Montserrat?
Caribbean Islands
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Name and state type of the plate boundary and plates involved.
Lesser Antilles Isaland arc (subduction/Destructive ). North American under Caribbean. at 2.5 cm a year
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Name and describe volcano.
Soufriere Hills Volcano: composite volcano with andesitic lava (= pyroclastic flows)
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Warning signs.
1995 - small earthquakes above normal levels, ground water became superheated=hot springs. volcano began to bulge
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First eruption.
June 1997:pyroclastic flows up to 100 kmh partially buried community of Spanish Point. September the community completely covered inc homes, buildings, & airport was lost. Flow material varies from house sized boulders to very fine ash.
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Explosions?
September- October 1997 there were 74 magmatic explosions due to andesitic lava rich in gas.
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What Happened to Plymouth?
JUuly 1997: largely destroyed by pyroclastic flows + 1998 hurricane = Lahars
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Economic Impacts
loss in value of home and investment = estimated £1bill, Over 20 villages and 2/3 homes destroyed by pyroclastic flows, loss of tourism (although currently increasing to visit the volcano.), vital infrastructure lose e.g schools hospitals and ports.
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Social Impacts
19 people died, 7 injured, hundrens lost homes, Fires destroyed govt officecs, police HQ,and petrol stations. population decline (8000 left, 4000 to UK)
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Environmental Impacts
Large areas covered in volcanic material (e.g. Capital Plymouth covered by 12 of mud and ash), vegetation and farmland destroyed. Improved soil fertility due to volc. ash
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Immediate Responses
Evacuation from south to safe areas in the north (first in 1995). Shelters built to house evacuees, temporary infrastructure also built (i.e. electricity and roads). UK sent £17 mill of emergency aid. Local emergency services. Risk map created.
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Long Term Responses
Off limits areas currently while volcanoe is still intermittently active. UK has provided£41 LT aid - new docks,airport and houses built. MVO - set up
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Management?
1980's studied but report largely ignored. NO disaster management plan, meaning slow responses. 1990s key infrastructure unknowingly built in at risk areas
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EYJAFJALLAJOKUL
EYJAFJALLAJOKUL
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Location
1,666m high) is located beneath an ice cap in southern Iceland, 125km south east of the capital Reykjavik SW Iceland, Europe.
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Plates?
Iceland lies on the constructive (divergent) plate margin known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (NA ans Eurasian). There are several active volcanoes on Iceland including Hekla and Laki. Also over a hotspot
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Describe the Volcano
2 magma chambers. composite cone volcano made up of alternating layers of basaltic and andestic lava and ash.
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Main eruption
April 2010 - large pyroclastic flow estimated 25o million m^3 of ash and Tephra- 4 on VEI.
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Causes
plate boundary, hotspot, 2 magma chambers one basaltic and one andesitic thought to have both filled magma reservoir at once making the eruption particularly explosive.
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Local Impacts
ash falls and flooding impacted on local farming communities and affected communications within the immediate area
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National Impacts
the main road was closed in the area interrupting the movement of goods and services; international tourism fell
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Regional Impacts
Tourists stranded across europe, 8 days, 100,000 flights 48% air traffic, 10 million passengers
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Global Impacts
with European markets closed to air freight, many people and economies across the world were affected, e.g. Kenyan farmers unable to transport their fresh produce to European shops
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Management
are monitored by scientists. Seismic information (earthquakes) and satellites to monitor volcanoes. .+no fly zone+ 30min texts+ general education
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HAITI
HAITI
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when?
Haïti earthquake, January 12th at 4:53pm, 2010
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where?
Caribbean and North American plates, Leeward Islands. Enriquillo fault that runs off a destructive plate margin
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Describe earthquake.
7.0 on the Richter scale.lasted 1 minute, 15 miles from capital Port Au Prince. Focus very shallow only 13 km deep
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Development?
GDP was only $1,300 80% of the population lived below the poverty line and 53% were literate
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Vulnerability
close to the nation’s capital of 2 million people, many areas built upon unstable soils and seismic waves amplified within the soil. intense shaking and liquefaction, particularly in the Port area.+vulnerable population
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Immediate impacts
deaths: 222,570, over 300,000 injured. Population displaced: 2.3 million Houses damaged/destroyed: 293,383 Total value losses: $7.8bn (120% of GDP). Port,& major roads destroyed. Clothing industry = 2/3 exports reported severe damage
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Long term Impacts
2011 people remained in make shift temporary homes. 6 months after the quake, 98% of the rubble remained uncleared; some still blocking vital access roads.One year after the earthquake 1 million people remained displaced. Looting & violence occurred
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Immediate Response
DR= First to provide aid with water, food & machinery. UN worked with DR to use its airports for aid.DR sent doctors and surgeons with mobile medical unitsUS and Canadian military ships and helicopters.after 2 weeks UN troops 3500 to maintain order
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Long Term Response.
EU gave $330 million. World Bank waived debt repayments for 5 years.23 major charities, $1.1 billion collected, but not all released
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Management.
almost no planning/preparedness. building quality very poor= most loss of life. people were so poor= few ‘reserves’ (money, food) limited social safety net. 500,000 slum dwellers = most affected.
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JAPAN
JAPAN
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date and time
Japanese Tōhoku Earthquake of March 11th 2011
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Cause
The epicentre, 24 km deep, 72 km off the coast of Sendai, where Pacific Plate is being subducted below the Okhotsk Plate, which carries northern Japan the seabed was raised by 16 m. Ground shaking occurred afterwards for 6 minutes. Within 20 minutes
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Describe earthquake.
Two days beforehand, major tremors in the region, peaking at 7.2 on the Richter scale. earthquake measuring 9.0 was the world’s 5th largest since 1900 and the largest in Japan ever recorded.
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Fore Shocks and Aftershocks
7 foreshocks, including a magnitude 7.2 earthquake on the 9th of March, 2 days before the 8.9-9.0 magnitude earthquake of the 11th. There were also 1235 aftershocks
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Vunerability
coastline is rugged and jagged with many inlets, known as a ria coast. Waves become concentrated in bays, which focus wave energy. 70% of Japan is mountainous, forcing urban and industrial development into narrow, low-lying coastal areas.
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Environmental impacts
erosion of beaches & dunes.destroyed man-made structures (e.g.)seawalls + 95% vegetation. Sediment 5km inland. seawater 2 months= salt crusts on paddy fields. Earthquake=landslides in mountains liquefaction on soft alluvial plains
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Fukushima nuclear explosion
two waves inundated the power station. earthquake = the reactors automatically shutdown but power supply damaged by tsunami =cooling system failed = explosion seawater as an emergency coolant, radioactive substances escaped & fires developed.
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Fukushima nuclear explosion - impacts
80,000 people in a 12-mile radius had to be evacuated. In December 2011, at the Fukushima plant was declared stable, (decades before decontaminated ), Contamination was found in soils and crops up to 40 km away
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short term impacts
death toll = around 20,000 with 3,000 missing. 65% victims over 60. some companies took just 6 months to hit pre-quake levels .300,000 buildings destroyed + million damaged. Almost 4,000 roads, 78 bridges and 29 railways damaged = $300 billion
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Long term impacts
70% unemployment in Sendai, 33,000 still in temp accommodation. imbalance of professions in Fukushima (health workers left)
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planning and preparedness
Over estimated the reliability of defences, (Sea wall was over topped).well-learnt preparedness drills saved lives. Tsunami hazard maps distributed workshops to find local evac routes promoted. Vertical evacuation in Sendai saved many lives. JEEWS =
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long term response
6 days after the quake a motorway was repaired, w/ govt suppport some busineesses were back to pre-quake levels in 6 months. but 300,000 in temporary housing 2 years on. Govt re-evaluate current protections
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Tohoku Sky Village - what is it
an alternative way of managing tsunami risk.Elevated land-based “islands” designed for tsunami-affected regions. bolted into the bedrock with steel pillars,oval-shaped to force water around.
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Tohoku Sky Village - what would it have
most residential (100-500 units) + fuel stations, waste disposal and car parking in lower levels, and other islands would have commercial functions. central islands schools, health centres, council offices and leisure facilities.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where is Montserrat?

Back

Caribbean Islands

Card 3

Front

Name and state type of the plate boundary and plates involved.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name and describe volcano.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Warning signs.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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