Pharmocology - neuro

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  • Created by: Louisa
  • Created on: 13-01-21 15:36
adrenoreceptors are split into what categories
alpha and beta
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where is alpha1 and alpha2 location and action does it have
alpha 1 - vascular smooth muscle, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle

alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow
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where is beta1 and beta2 location and action does it have
Cardiac cells - increase heart rate, contractibility and renin release

vascular and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Vasodilation and bronchodilation
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acetylcholine receptors are in 2 classes which are
muscarinic and nicotinic
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What drugs that have a direct effect as acetylcholine receptor agonists
acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, muscarine, nicotine,pilocarpine, cevimeline, varenicline
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Indirect acting aceteylcholine receptor agonists are called what
cholinesterase inhibitors
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what is cholinesterase
the enzyme that breaks down Ach to acetate and choline
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waht drugs have been used in pesticidies and chemical warfare
organophosphates
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treatment for acetylcholine receptor agonist otangophosphare
artopine
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muscarinic receptors include what
selective and non-selective
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nicotinic antagonistists break down into what two categories
ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular blockers
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atropine is what type of muscarinic receptor antagonist

and derived from what
non-selective

plants
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atropine increases what by having a blokcing effect on what to what nodes
Increases heartrate and increases AV conduction by blocking effect of the vagus nerve on the SA and AV nodes.
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what drugs (2) are semisynthetic atropine derivatives.
Ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva)
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Ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva) have what affect on the body
Used as bronchodilators.
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Ipatropium used for
rescue therapy for moderate to severe asthma
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Tiotropium used for
once daily for COPD patients, improves lung function for 24 hours.
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Andrenoreceptor drugs
adrenaline, noradrenaline, salbutamol, proparanolol
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Key areas of effect:
• Heart –
• Lungs -
• Blood vessels -
• GI Tract -
• Liver -
• Kidneys -
• Skin -
• Pupil
• Other
Key areas of effect:
• Heart – Chronotropic and Inotropic
• Lungs – Rate, Depth, Dilation of bronchioles,
• Blood vessels – Vasoconstriction and increased BP
• GI Tract – Decreased motility
• Liver – Glucogenesis
• Kidneys – Increased Renin producti
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adrenoreceptor agonists derived from tyrosine
Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline
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Catechol compound + Amine group +
Catecholamine.
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Adrenoreceptor agonists
often used for what set of emergenacy conditions
shock
– cardiogenic – septic - anaphylaxis
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Adrenoreceptor antagonists are what group of drugs
-olol drugs - betablockers, selective and non-selective
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blocking of the beta 1 reduces what
cardiac output and blood pressure
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selective beta blockers commonly used to treat
hypertension and angina
bioprolol and atenolol
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Blocking of β2 receptors in non-selective drugs can lead to
bronchoconstriction – issues for asthma patients.
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CNS drugs
excitatory
serotonin, histamin, atp, co
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CNS drugs
inhibitory
GABA
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CNS drugs
excitatory and inhibitory
acetylcholine
adrenaline
dopamine
endorphins
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Cognitive processing
antipsychotics, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, sedative hypnotics.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
memory
cholinesterase inhibitors, benzodiazepines.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
emotional processing
– antianxiety drugs, antipsychotics, CNS stimulants, opioids, all drug which produce drug dependence.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Motor processing
antiparkinsonian drugs, antispasmodics, CNS stimulants, muscle relaxants, sedative hypnotics.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Sensory processing
antidepressants, hallucinogens, local and general anaesthetics, opioid analgesics, sedative hypnotics.
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sedatives are used for treatment of what
acute anxiety, panic disorder, phobic disorders, OCD, PTSD and sleep disorders.
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sedatives have what effect
calming, anxiolytic effect and hypnotic – sleep inducing effect.
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sedative drugs include
benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam), barbiturates (phenobarbital, amobarbitol), antihistamines (hydroxine), non-sedating anxiolytic drugs (propranolol).
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what drugs are benzodiazepines
Diazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam
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what are benzodiazepines used to treat
treat anxiety disorders, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, insomnia and seizure disorders.
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what is the Mechanism of action
facilitating the activity of GABA neurotransmitter.
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GABA has an inhibitory effect but inhibiting the

and GABA ion chaneel complex has receptors sites for
inhibits the firing of action potentials

benzodiazepines, barbiturates, general anaesthetics and alcohol.
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Benzodiazepines cause CNS depression
low dose
high dose
Low doses – sedative hypnotic and anxiolytic effects.
High doses – sleepiness and anaesthesia.
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where are Benzodiazepines metabolised
adverse effects usually linked to
in the liver
build up of active metabolites in the elderly as phase 1 liver metabolism is reduced
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what do antiepileptic drugs do

(4 ways)
Inhibition of neuronal discharge or spread.
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1 - cause in increase in GABA ...

this occurs by an increase in permeability to ...

causing a reduction in ...
..increase in GABA synaptic transmission
increase permeability to chloride ions
causing a reduction in neuron excitability
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what drugs do this
Barbiturates, BDZs, Levetiracetam, Gabapentin, Tiagabine, Vigabatrin, Topiramate, Valproate
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2 - what channel blockers
sodium channel blockers by different mechanisms
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what drugs do this
Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate, Valproate.
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3 - reduce cell membrane ... to what channels
causing a reduction

drugs that do this
Reducing cell membrane permeability to calcium T-channels

reduction in AP generation

Ethosuximide, Valproate
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4) inhibition of the excitatory neurotransmitter ...

what drug does this
glutamate

lamotrigine
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P450 Enzymes issues with antiepileptic drugs
carboximides, hydantoins, barbiturates, valproates
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depression is thought to be a result from
abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine neurotransmission
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depression is treated with what category of drugs (3)
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
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tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) block what
block neuronal uptake of neurotransmitters
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TCAs have a huge range of side effects

what is the main side effects
drowsiness, postural hypotension, dry mouth

suicidal thoughts in early stages of use
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TCA's have a and a high level of toxicity what are the main overdose symptoms
tachycardia, dilated pupils, drowsiness, seizures, elevated body temp, confusion, hypotension and cardiac arrest
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ecg changes also come from TCA toxicity, what are they
tachycardia, QRS broadening, QT lengthening tall R wave in aVR
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SSRIs work by
selectively block neuronal uptake of seretonin
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what drugs are SSRIS
citalopram, sertaline, fluoxetine and escitalopram
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parkinsons disease is a ... disease and has what complications in the body
multisystem
motor and non-motor complications
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exact casues of Parkinsons is unknown however thereis a degeneration of ...

this leads to a decrease in activity in the pathways between the
dopaminergic neurons

thalumus and the motor are of the cortex
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drug therapy aims at increasing the

name of the drug
levels of dopamine in the brain

Levodopa
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what drug is given in combination of levodopa and why?
Cardidopa - reducesthe extracerebral conversion of levodopa to dopamine, but cannot cross the BBB (like levodopa) so doesn't affect the brain
reduces CVS and GI side effects
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Opioid analgesics act on what
CNS and inhibit neurotrasnmission of pain
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what are the 3 types of opioid receptors

which do clinicallly useful drugs come under
mu, delta and kappa

MU receptor
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they are categorised into 3 categories which are...

and can be derived from 3 different ways
strong, moderate, weak

from the poppy plant, synthetic or semi-synthetic
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pharmacological effects of opioid analgesics
CNS
CVS
GI
dermal
CNS - analgesia, resp. redpression, sedation, physical dependence
CVS – vasodilation, hypotension.
GI – constipation, nausea, vomiting.
Dermal – flushing, pruritus, urticaria.
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where is alpha1 and alpha2 location and action does it have

Back

alpha 1 - vascular smooth muscle, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle

alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow

Card 3

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where is beta1 and beta2 location and action does it have

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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acetylcholine receptors are in 2 classes which are

Back

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Card 5

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What drugs that have a direct effect as acetylcholine receptor agonists

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