Perception

?
The structure of the eye
Convex lens which reflects light onto the retina
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cones
Colour/fine detail
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rods
movement/ course detail
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Why isnt the eye a camera?
the image on the retina is poor quality, constantly moving- blurry, retinal image is yellowish and brain has to interpret the information
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The top down approach also called?
The constructionist approach
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What is it influenced by?
Hypothesis and it is prone to error
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What is perception?
An active and also constructive process
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What is perception
An inference, searching for the best interpretation of the available data
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Shape constancy
rectangular doors appear as trapezoids, but we see them as rectangles
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orientation constancy
the world does not tilt when you tilt your head
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location constancy
spatial locations remain stable even though out eyes constantly move
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What does the visual system need?
different forms of evidence
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What are four examples of visual illusions?
distortions -pereptual error, ambiguous figures - same input different interpretations, paradoxal figures - assumptions about 3D structures, fictions - perception of an absent form
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Milner and Goodale
Dorsal vision for action, ventral vision for identification, illusions tap the ventral system
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Haart et al
interact with 3D muller lyer figures, indicate size of shaft with thumb and for finger, rapidly grasp the shaft lengthways (dorsal)
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What was found
Strong illusion ffect when erceptually matching the stimulus - no grasping effect
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Bottom up approach
The perceiver is not passive but interacts with the environment
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Gibson's theory
Ecological theory (facilitate interactions between the individual and the environment
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Ambient optical array
spreading across time and space, slow movement from the sun and fast movement from other animals
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Optic flow patterns
patterns of flow tell you where your headed and how to steer around objects, centre of flow is around objects and lights flow outwards
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driving
drivers tend to look at rooad edge and centre lines
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Lee
drivers use the flow line itself, locomotor line passes directly below the driver
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Texture gradient
individual objects are viewed packed close together,remain constant during movement of the observer
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What are monocular depth perceptions?
Atmospheric perspective, occlusion, linear perspective and light and shade
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affordance
all potential uses of an object are directly perceivable ladder affords climbing, objects can have multiple affordances
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Warren
Shorter people perceived a step to be higher and taller than reality
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Humphreys and Riddoch
Cant see left field, neglect when looking for objects defined by characterisitic, they could locate objects defined by actions they afforded (pair and screw)
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Resonance
Animals pick up to information that they are outline, Gibson said that perceivers perceptions is like the working of a radio
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Trouble with illusions
Hollow face illusions and Ames room are not examples of static illusions, movement of observers disturb the effect, invocation of mmory representation , we dont postulate internal representations in order to understand perception- flawed
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What do we normally see?
Perception of ambiguous figures is not typical we usually see stable and organised world
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Humphreys and Riddoch
No distinguish between real or novel objects drew in pierce meat fashion --? intergrative agnosia
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Marrs computational theory Primal sketch
Makes 2D properties explicit by transforming changes in intensity into a primative representation of local geometry (blobs, edges and lines)
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21/2 sketch
Makes orientation and depth explicit and includes information about things in the world that provide the image
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3D representation
Makes models explicit to3D objects independently of position of orientation on the retina
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what is a negative
only works for simple objects
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Biederman's theory
More complex forms than basic cylinder, more objects consist ofbasic shapes known as geons
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Invariant properties of edges
curvature points on a curve, parallel sets of points in parallel, cotermination of edges terminating at a certain point, symmetry vs asymmetry, colinerarity points in a certain line
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What are objects?
Relationships between geons
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What are they not impaired by
colour, texture and fine detail
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how many geons are there and what can still be identified
concavities of contour and complex objects are still identified wen some geons are missing
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What is a proposition
Language, discret, exlicit, grammatical and abstract
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WHat is analogue?
pictures, no discrete symbols, implicit, no grammatical laws and concrete
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What is Mental Chronometry
measuring RT can be used to make inferences about nature of task undertaken
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Shepard and Metzler
Are the 2 3D objects the same shape, pull left for yes and right for no, they found it easy
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Koslyn et al
Learn map with seven locations, imagine whole map, imagine black dot going to other side, press a button when you arrive, reaction times recorded for 21 pairs of location
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Results
Linear to distance, people scanned image and place to plac, RT depends on distance (analogical
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Pylyshn
We forget the meaningful parts of an image rather than random bits, propositional code between verbal and non verbal codes
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Kosslyn's computational model
Images in a spatial medium, 4 properties, a space with limited exent, high resolution, gain that obscures small detail, image fades after generation
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What does the LTM hold?
image files and propositional files
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Wolschager et al
Visual rotation disrupted by performing concurrent hand movements in opposite directions
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Kosslyn et al
Rotational similarity can affect use of motor structure even when outcome identical
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Sirigu and Duham
visual and motor strategy can be influenced by view point and position
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Card 2

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cones

Back

Colour/fine detail

Card 3

Front

rods

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why isnt the eye a camera?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The top down approach also called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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