Organic Chemistry definitions (OCR F322)

AS Organic Chemistry definitions (OCR)

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  • Created by: Kiya
  • Created on: 19-11-12 16:44
Empirical Formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
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Molecular Formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
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General Formula
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series (e.g. for an alkene CnH2n+2)
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Structural Formula
the minimum detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule (e.g. propane CH3CH2CH3)
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Displayed Formula
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
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Skeletal Formula
the simplest organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving jusst the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
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Homologous Series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional groups, but each successive member differs by CH2 (e.g. alkanes: CH4, CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3)
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Functional Group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound (e.g. alcohol = OH, alkene = C=C)
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Structural Isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
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Stereoisomers
compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
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E/Z Isomers
an example of stereoisomerism, in which different groups attached to each carbon in the C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotationf the double bond
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Homolytic Fission
the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
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Heterolytic Fission
the breaking of a covalent bond, with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming two ions
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Free Radical
a species with an unpaired electron
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Hydrocarbon
a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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Saturated Hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon with only single bonds (e.g. alkanes)
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Unsaturated Hydrcarbon
a hydrocarbon with single and double bonds (e.g. alkenes)
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Addition Reaction
a reaction where a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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Elimination Reaction
a reaction in which an atom, or group of atoms, is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
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Substitution Reaction
a reaction in which an atom, or group of atoms, is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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An Electrophile
an atom, or group of atoms, which is attracted to an electron-rich center or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond / an electron pair acceptor
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A Nucleophile
an atom or group of atoms which is attracted to an electron-deficiant centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond / an electron pair donator
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Percentage (%) Yield
(actual mass/moles of product ÷ theoretical mass/moles of product) x 100
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Atom Economy
(molecular mass of deired product ÷ molecular mass of all products) x 100
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Cracking
the breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chained alkanes and alkenes
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Isomerisation
the conversion of straight chain alkanes into branched chains
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Reforming
the convertion of straight/branched hydrocarbons into cyclic hydrocarbons
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Free Radical Substitution
a type of substitution in which alkanes react with halogens in UV radiation at 300 degreesC and a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms (split into 'initiation', 'propagation' and 'termination' stages)
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Polymer
long chain molecules made up from monomer units
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Monomer
short chain molecules which combine to make polymers
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Additional Polymerisation
the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules/monomers add to a growing polymer chain to form a saturated polymer
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Hydration of Alkenes
the reaction between an alkene and steam to produce an alcohol (high temperature and pressure with a phosphoric acid catalyst)
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Fermentation
carbohydrates are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
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Primary Alcohol
the functional carbon is attached to only one other carbon
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Secondary Alcohol
the functional carbon is attached to two other carbons
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Tertiary Alcohol
the functional carbon is attached to three other carbons
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Esterification
the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
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Activation Energy
the minimum energy required in order for a raction to take place
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Standard Conditions
101kPa and 298K
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Bond Enthalpy
the energy required to break the same bond in all the molecules of 1 mole of a gas, and to seperate the resulting gaseous particles so they exert no force on each other
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Enthalpy Change of Reaction
the enthaply change when equation quantities of materials react, under standard conditions
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Enthalpy Change of Formation
the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is formed from its elements in their natural state, under standard conditions
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Enthalpy Change of Combustion
the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is burnt completely in an excess of oxygen, under standard conditions
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Enthalpy Change of Neutralisation
the enthalpy change when an acid and alkali react together to form 1 mole of water, under standard conditions
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Exothermic Reaction
a reaction that released energy into the surroundings, resulting in the products having less energy than the reactants
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Endothermic Reaction
a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings, resulting in the products having more energy than the reactants
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Hess's Law
if a reaction can take place by more than one route, the enthalpy change for the reaction is the same irrespective of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same
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Catalyst
a catalyst speeds up a reaction by taking an alternative route with a lower activation energy, while not being consumed by the overall reaction
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Boltzmann Distribution
no particles have no energy, there is no maximum energy, and most particles in a system have a medium amount of energy
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Dynamic Equilibrium
is reached when the rate of the forward reactionequals the rate of the backwards reaction; the reactants and products react continuously
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Le Chatelier's Principle
states that if a closed system at equilibrium is subject to a change, the system will move to minimise the effect of that change
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Greenhouse Effect
depends on both its atmospheric concentration and its ability to absorn infrared radiation
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
the removal of waste carbon dioxide as a liquid injected deep into the ocean, or storage in deep geological formations, or by reacting with metal oxides to for stabke carbonate minerals
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Kyoto Protocol
industrialised countries promised to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to agreed levels
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Heterogeneous Catalyst
the catalyst is a different phase (physical state) as the reagents in a reaction
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Homogeneous Catalyst
the catalyst is the same phase (physical state) as the reagents in a reaction
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Adsorption
the process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held on the surface of a solid hetergeneous catalyst
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Desorption
the process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is released from the surface of a solid hetergeneous catalyst
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

Back

Molecular Formula

Card 3

Front

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series (e.g. for an alkene CnH2n+2)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

the minimum detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule (e.g. propane CH3CH2CH3)

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

Izzy Mason

Report

Really useful :)

lia997

Report

great summary of definitions, so useful, thanks for sharing :)

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