ability to review the search at various stages and adjust accordingly if required to improve the study (11, 8)
from inferential statistics, a range of values in which a population mean is estimated to fall (conventionally 95 per cent confidence) (10, 8)
how quantitative information is recorded – according to whether only group membership (nominal scale) or ranking (ordinal scale) is identified, or whether quantities or amounts are directly measured (continuous scales) (5, 2, 11)
interventional study involving at least one treatment group and a control or placebo group, so the effect on outcomes with or without the intervention can be compared (12, 6)
observational studies describing and optionally comparing the characteristics or responses of a sample (11, 8)
participants are chosen randomly from a population (11, 8)
researchers deliberately do something with participants with the intention of causing a change (12, 5)
the intervention or the treatment expected to affect the outcome (dependent) variable (11, 8)
the outcome measures expected to be affected by the interventions (independent) variable (9, 8)
when participants are chosen because they are ‘convenient’ (11, 8)
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