Neurological diseases

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What is a stroke?
Blockage in a blood vessel in the brain
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What is Alzheimer's disease?
A shrivelling in the brain
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What is parkinson's disease caused by?
Cut section of the midbrain where as portion of the substantia nigra is visible, substantia nigra is diminished
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What happened to Patient Leborgne?
A patient who lost the ability to speak—or speak in any matter that made any sort of sense. Upon being admitted to Bicêtre, a suburban Paris hospital that specialized in mental illness, he could utter only a single syllable: Tan
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What happened to Phineas Gage?
He was in an accident which damaged his frontal cortex, he was abnoxious and had difficulties problem solving,
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What happened to Patient HM?
He couldn't form new memories after having his hippocampus removed, he only remembered long term memories
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How do psychologists conduct experimentally induced lesions and other brain manipulations?
Selective destruction of specific brain sites, temporary pharmacological manipulations via pre implanted micro cannulae to switch neurons or specific receptors on and off
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How else can induced lesions and other brain manipulations?
Electrical stimulation of specific brain sites, targeted mutations of brain specific genes, optogenetics and trans cranial magnetic stimulation
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What happens after the hippocampus is damaged?
rats swim path was affected and they couldnt find their way out of the maze
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What happens to trace the neuronal tract?
PHA-L is injected into a region of the brain and taken up by dendrites and cell bodies, PHA-L is transported by axoplasmic flow, axons and terminal buttons can be seen under a microscope
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What can be recorded?
Electrical activity in the brain
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What is the first way of measuring electrical activity in the brain?
Single unit recordings, recording the electrical activity of single neurons
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What is another way of recording the electrical activity in the brain?
EEG, recording electrical potentials generated by many neurons
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What is an invasive single unit and EEG?
Only conducted in rare cases for the pre -surgical evaluation of epilepsy patients
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What is surface EEG?
Spontaneous and event evoked
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What is MEG?
Measures the small magnetic -field changes accompanying electrical voltage changes due to brain activity - Better spatial resolution than EEG
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What is a MRI?
Images are generated from magnetic-resonance (MR) signal that emanates from hydrogen nuclei in brain tissue when these are aligned by a strong magnetic field and then excited by a magnetic pulse.
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What is structural MRI of the brain?
Non-invasive imaging of brain structure based on MRI contrast between different tissue types due to different densities of H nuclei
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What is a functional MRI of the brain?
Non-invasive imaging of brain ‘activity’ based on MR signal changes associated with metabolic and cerebral-blood-flow changes. Most common method is based on changes in the Blood-Oxygen-LevelDependent (BOLD) MR signal
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What else can psychologists do?
Activation of the human hippocampus during place memory task in a virtual environment: An fMRI study
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What does a PET scan involve/
Involves injection of radioactive tracers that resemble compounds of biological interest (e.g., 18 F - 2 -deoxyglucose). Using dedicated detectors around the head, these tracers can be followed in the brain (e.g., to monitor metabolic activation)
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What changes can be seen in Parkinsons?
Less DAT in striatum – reflects degeneration of dopaminergic fibres that express this transporter at terminals
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Where does more binding occur?
dopamine receptor -specific tracer – reflects less dopamine release that could displace tracer from receptor
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What do regions have?
Others hypoactive; changes across disease course
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What is spatial learning?
How a rat learns the area of a place
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What is the task?
How well a rat finds the hidden platform
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back

A shrivelling in the brain

Card 3

Front

What is parkinson's disease caused by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happened to Patient Leborgne?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What happened to Phineas Gage?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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