Alzheimers

?
Alzheimer
Progressive Neurodegenerative disorder
1 of 47
Auguste D
Profound cognitive and behavioural impairments
2 of 47
Vascular Dementia
Similar to Alzheimers but memory less affected, decreased blood flow to the brain owing to a series of small strokes
3 of 47
Frontotemporal lobe dementia
Changes in personality and mood and difficulties in language
4 of 47
Dementia with lew bodies?
Similar to Alzheimer's disease, also hallucinations, tremors
5 of 47
What is cortical lewy?
Bodies inside neurons
6 of 47
DSM V for Alzheimers
Decline in memory, steadily progressive gradual decline in cognition, no evidence of other causes (Eg: neurological, cerebrovascular or other condition)
7 of 47
STage 1 of Alzheimers
: Early in the illness, less energy and spontaneity, though often no one notices anything unusual. They exhibit minor memory loss and mood swings, and are slow to learn and react
8 of 47
Stage 2 of Alzheimers
In this stage, the Alzheimer's patient can still perform tasks independently, but may need assistance with more complicated activities. Speech and understanding become slower, lose their train of thought in mid-sentence. They may also get lost
9 of 47
Stage 3 of Alzheimers
patients lose the ability to chew and swallow. The very essence of the person is vanishing. Memory is now very poor and no one is recognizable
10 of 47
What are amyloid plaques?
Neuritic plaques dystrophic and degenerating neuronal processes. large bulbous structures
11 of 47
Diffuse plaques
Contain B amyloid protein fibres and some unstructure amyloid earliest
12 of 47
Neurofibrillary tangles
filaments- pairs of filaments wound around each other in a helical arrangement Composed mainly of abnormal tau but also immunoreactive for a number of other substances
13 of 47
Perrin et al, 2009
Increase in amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
14 of 47
How is A-B plaque formed?
amyloid precursor protein molecule cut by enzymes to form A-B peptide bond
15 of 47
Blessed, Tomlinson and Roth (1968)
Correlation between plaque number and cognition. Correlation is not significant but everyone with low test score had plaques and good test scores
16 of 47
What is Alzheimer's disease characterised by?
Amyloid plaques which contain mainly aggregated AB derived from amyloid precursor protein
17 of 47
Where are mutations?
At or near chromosome 21
18 of 47
Down's syndrome people who have an extra copy of Chromosone 21 do what?
Develop AD
19 of 47
Abnormal levels of AB where?
In cerebrospinal fluid of patients
20 of 47
Amyloid cascade hypothesis
Overproduction, AB42 oligomerization and deposition, subtle effects of AB42 oligomers on synapses, microglial and atrocytic activation, progressive synaptic neuritic injury, atered neuronal iconic homeostatsis, tangles, cell death, dementia
21 of 47
Causes of alzheimers
Age: number of people with disease doubles every 5 years after 65, family history, Down syndrome: higher prevalence in females after a certain age
22 of 47
Familial AD
Known genetic mutations in a number of families
23 of 47
Sporadic
Apolipoprotein only known risk factor
24 of 47
Familial AD
Rare form of AD, affecting less than 10% of AD patients
25 of 47
All AD is what?
early-onset, meaning the disease develops before age 65. It is caused by gene mutations on chromosomes
26 of 47
What chromosomonal mutation?
1 (presenelin 1) 14 (presenelin 2) 21 (Amyloid precursor protein)
27 of 47
This inheritance pattern is referred to as what?
autosomal dominant inheritance. In other words, all offspring in the same generation have a 50/50 chance of developing FAD if one of their parents had it
28 of 47
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene. Two or more alleles can shape each human trait
29 of 47
ApoE gene
a gene on chromosome 19 involved in making apoE, a substance that helps carry cholesterol in the bloodstream. ApoE is considered a "susceptibility" gene for AD and appears to influence the age of onset of the disease
30 of 47
On chromosome 19, what does the ApoE gene have?
three common forms or alleles: E2, E3, and E4. Thus, the possible combinations in one person are E2/2, E2/3, E2/4, E3/3, E3/4, or E4/4.
31 of 47
Having one or two copies of E4 increases what?
A person's risk of getting AD
32 of 47
The rarer E2 allele appears to be associated with what?
A lower risk of AD
33 of 47
Snowdon et al
678 sisters of Notre Dame aged 75-103 Tested annually on cognitive functioning and health and post mortem plaques & tangle
34 of 47
Prevalence of dementia in those with AD
93% with infarcts in areas basal ganglia,thalmus 57% without infarcts
35 of 47
How is acetylcholine formed?
Acetyl CoA and Choline join
36 of 47
What are the next stages involved acetyl choline?
Packaged up to leave axon, leaves neuron and beings to cross the synapse, reaches the othersied of the synapse and binds to receptor causing the message to be sent
37 of 47
What happens after the message is sent?
Achetylecholinerase is released into the synpase
38 of 47
What does acetylcholinesterase break down to?
Acetylcholine, inactivating it
39 of 47
Where is the Muscarinic receptor found?
Mid brain, medulla and pons
40 of 47
Where is the Nicotinic receptor found?
Substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, spetum
41 of 47
What is the cholinergic hypothesis of Geriatric memory dysfunction
Significant functional disturbances occur in brains of aged and especially demented people
42 of 47
How do these disturbances play an important role?
In memory loss and related cognitive problems associated with old age and dementia
43 of 47
Restoration of what?
cholinergic function may significantly reduce the severity of cognitive loss
44 of 47
Cholinergic hypothesis
Correlation between severity of dementia, and cholineacetyltransferase activity (chAT) and cell loss in cholinergic cell containing area nucleus basalis Meynert and cognitive impairment
45 of 47
What is the current treatment for AD?
Donepezil (Aricept). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Prototype ache inhibitors physostigmine and tacrine improves cognitive function in healthy volunteers.
46 of 47
What tests are there?
Watermaze, plaques in mice
47 of 47

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Auguste D

Back

Profound cognitive and behavioural impairments

Card 3

Front

Vascular Dementia

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Frontotemporal lobe dementia

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Dementia with lew bodies?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Alzheimers resources »