Neuroanatomy

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What is in the Central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves: motor pathways, sensory pathways
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What are the three main areas of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
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What are the sides of the brain?
Left and right hemisphere
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What is meant by the opposite side?
Contralateral side
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What is meant by the same side?
Ipsilateral side
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What is the anatomical direction for top of the brain?
Dorsal, superior
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What is the anatomical direction for the left side of the brain?
Anterior/rostral
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What is the anatomical direction for the right side of the brain?
Posterior/caudal
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what is the anatomical direction for the bottom of the brain?
Inferior/ventral
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What does the medial mean?
Toward the middle
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what does lateral mean?
Toward the side
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What is the frontal section?
Parallel to the forehead
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What is the sagittal section?
Arrow
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What is the horizontal section?
Parallel to the ground
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What is the grey matter in the brain?
Cell bodies and dendrites eg: cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus
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What is the white matter?
Myelinated axons, eg: the corpus callosum
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What is the corpus callosum?
A pathway that connects left and right side of hemisphere is called a commissure
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What is the Corpus callosum also known as?
“hard body’ The largest fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
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What is the first protector of the nervous system?
Meninges
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What is this?
3 layers of tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
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What is cerbrospinal fluid?
A clear liquid that fills the subarachnoid space
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What is a function?
Shock absorber, buyancy
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What are the ventricles?
Hollow cavities filled with CSF
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What are lateral ventricles?
Membrane called choroid plexus produces CSF by filtering blood
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What is the third ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
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What is the other ventricle?
Fourth ventricle
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What is the functions?
Exchange of materials between blood vessels and brain tissues
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What is the blood brain barrier?
A semipermeabled barrier, lipid soluble sustances can pass through. substances with large molecules (glucose) must be actively transported through walls
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What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
Maintain stable environment, protection from potentially disruptive damaging chemicals
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What is the first major division of the brain?
Forebrain prosencephalon
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What is the subdivision of the brain?
Telencephalon 'end brain' and diencephalon 'interbrain
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What is the principle structures of the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
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What is in the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
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What is the principle structures of the midbrain mesencephalon?
Tectum and Tegmentum
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What is the subdivision of hindbrain rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon 'after brain' and myelencephalon 'marrow brain'
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What are the principle of the metencephalon?
Cerebellum and Pons
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What are the myelencephalon?
Medulla oblongata
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What is the cerebral cortex?
Outer surface of cerebrum, 3mm thick, folded to allow a bigger surface area (more neurons)
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What is the clefts/cracks/grooves?
sulci
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What is the major grooves?
fissures
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What are the folds/bulges?
Gyri
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What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
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What is the neocortex?
New cortex
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What is the frontal lobe?
The anterior area of the cortex, rostral to parietal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
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How is this divided by?
from parietal lobe by the central sulcus
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What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Motor and cognition
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What is the parietal lobe?
Near the back of the brain
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Where is it situated?
Caudal to frontal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
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What is the function?
Somatosensory
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Where is the occipital lobe?
It is in the back of the head,
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Where is it situated?
Caudal to parietal and temporal lobes
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What is the function?
vision
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What is the temporal lobe known as?
Temple
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What is the position of the temporal lobe?
Rostral to occipital lobe and ventral to parietal and frontal lobes
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What is the functions of temporal lobe?
Hearing, vision, cognition and emotion
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What are the primary areas?
primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, auditory corex, motor cortex
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What is the the motor cortex for?
connected to muscles in body
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What is the sensory association areas?
Receive and analyse info from primary regions
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What is in the premotor cortex?
Controls primary motor cortex
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What is the prefrontal cortex?
Planning, strategies, judgements
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What is the limbic cortex?
Includes the cingulate gyrus
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What is basal ganglia?
Collection of nuclei
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What is it important for?
Control of movement, reward systems
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What are the parts of the basal ganglia?
caudate nucelus, putamen, globus pallidus
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What is the caudate nucleus and putamen part of?
Striatum
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What are the structures involved in the limbic system?
Hippocampus (temporal lobe), amygdala, fornix and mammillary bodies
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What is it important for?
Emotion, learning/memory
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What is the hippocampus important for?
Consolidating memory, spatial navigation
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What is the structure involved in the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, two lobes separated by massa intermedia, receives info from, and sends info to prject, the cortex (relay)
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What is the thalamus divided into?
Nuclei, lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus
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What is the hypothalamus?
Controls autonomic nervous system and the endrocrine system, fight or flight, connected to pituitary gland
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What is the first structure of midbrain?
Tectum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
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What is the second structure of midbrain?
REcticular formation, periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, substantia nigra
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What is the first part of the Hindbrain?
Metencephalon
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What is the metencephalon?
Pons, sleep and arousal, relays infro from cortex to cerebellum
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What is the cerebellum?
Important for coordination of movement
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What is the second part of the hind brain?
Myelencephalon
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What is the structure in the myelencephalon?
Medulla oblongata, regulation of cardiovascular system respiration and skeletal muscle tonus
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What are the first steps of brain development?
18th day after conception, part of ectoderm thickens and forms a plate, the edges from ridges that curl together
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What is the second step of brain development?
by day 21 they fuse together to form the neural tube, top parts break away and become ganglia of autonomic ns
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What is cortical development?
Stem cells line neural tube, 7 weeks after conception:asymmetrical division begins, new cells migrate to form layers, takes about 3 months
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Card 2

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What is the peripheral nervous system?

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Card 3

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What are the three main areas of the brain?

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Card 4

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What are the sides of the brain?

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Card 5

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What is meant by the opposite side?

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