Medicine through the Ages
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Compendium Medicine is written by Gilbert Eagle
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1348
Black Death arrives in England killing nearly half of Europe's population and in Britain at least 1.5m people died.
2 of 98
1628
William Harvey proves the circulation of the blood - wasn't accepted until 1901.
3 of 98
1724
Guys Hospital is founded in London
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1798
Edward Jenner develops cowpox as protection against smallpox.
5 of 98
1847
James Simpson uses Chloroform as an anaesthetic
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1848
First Public Health Act is introduced
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1858
Joseph Bazalgette begins building a network of sewers under London's streets
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1867
Joseph Lister publishes a description of carbolic antiseptic in surgery
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1882
Robert Koch's work on the identification of tuberculosis is publicised in Britain
10 of 98
1906
First of the Liberal Social Reforms, including free school meals for the poorest, free medical checks and free treatment in introduced.
11 of 98
1928
Alexander Fleming discovers that penicillin kills bacteria
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1948
NHS comes into operation
13 of 98
1953
Francis Crick and James Watson publish their research on the structure of DNA
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1963
First liver transplant is carried out in USA
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1978
First test-tube baby is born
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2003
Human genome project is declared complete
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1000-1500
More than 700 hospitals were started in England
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1298
King Edward complains about unhygienic conditions in York, saying they are a danger to his soldiers preparing for invasion.
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1330
Glamorgan council passes laws to stop butchers throwing animal remains into the high street and orders that no-one should throw waste onto the streets or close to the town gates.
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1371
The London mayors and councillors tried to make the city healthier by prohibiting the killing of large animals within the city walls
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1374
The London local council gives up trying to control building and sewage disposal over the Walbrook Stream - instead they make householders who us the stream pay a fee to have it cleaned each year.
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1388
Parliament passes a law which fines people £20 for throwing dung, garbage and entrails into ditches, ponds and rivers, however it isn't easy to make people obey the laws.
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1361-62
Black death
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1369
Black death
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1379-83
Black death
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1389-93
Black death
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1603
The Plague - 38000 killed
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1665
The Great Plague
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1351
Statute of Labourers stopping peasants roaming round the countryside looking for better pay
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1381
Peasants revolt
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Late 1400's
Renaissance
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1451
Printing press was invented
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1543
Vsalius wrote his illustrated text book - The Fabric of The Human Body
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1537
During a french battle Paré ran out of hot oil for cauterising wounds.
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1537 (continued)
Vigo recommended a cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine to be smeared over the wounds after cauterisation with burning oil. Without the oil Paré used the cream to soothe patients. Despite his worries his patients wounds healed quickly.
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1545
Paré wrote a book about better and new ways for treating wounds. He also used ligatures in amputations.
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1617
John Woodhall began using lemons and limes to treat scurvy. Tobacco from North America was wrongly sent to cure many conditions.
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1666
The Plague declined because rats developed a greater resistance to it.
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1720-1750
5 new general hospitals were added to Londons 2 ancient hospitals and 9 more throughout the country.
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By 1800
London's hospitals alone were handling over 20,000 patients a year, whereas in 1400 when each of the 470 hospitals only had room for 10 patients.
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1746
A hospital was opened specifically for STDs (venereal disease).
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1802
Parliament agreed to give Edward Jenner £10,000 for his research
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1796
Jenner's experiment into vaccinations.
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1721
Small pox inoculation was in demand
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1795
Bristol physician Thomas Beddoes experimented with inhaling Nitrous Oxide - this made him laugh, feel giddy and relaxed, but he didn't realise it's medical value.
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1844
An American dentist saw that laughing gas (nitrous oxide) could be used as an anaesthetic for removal of teeth.
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1842
William Clark experimented with using ether in tooth extraction.
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16 October 1846
William Morton helps give a public demonstration in a Boston hospital with the use of ether.
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1847
James Simpson discovered chloroform
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1850
Doctor John Snow convinced Prince Albert that anaesthetics were safe.
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7 April 1853
Snow used chloroform to help Queen Victoria give birth - this made the use of anaesthetics popular.
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1677
The first basic microscope was invented.
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1857-1860
Louis Pasteur investigated why wine and beer went sour
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Late 1860's
Pasteur's germ theory came to the attention of British doctors
55 of 98
1890's
Surgeons in Europe and North America developed aseptic surgery (germ free from the start)
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1886
The Cattle Plague
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The first 50 years of the 1800s
Sheffield had a population of just 12,000 ppl in 1750, but by 1850 there were 150,000.
58 of 98
1847
40 people were found sharing one room in Liverpool
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1831
Cholera killed around 50,000 people.
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1837 and 1838
More outbreaks of cholera
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1839
Government decided to set up an inquiry to find out how cholera spread and what it was caused by.
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1848
60,000 ppl died of cholera
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1854
20,000 ppl died of cholera
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1842
Chadwick Report - claiming miasma to blame for cholera.
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1848
First public health act.
66 of 98
1853
Compulsory vaccination
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1858
Work on London Sewer system begins
68 of 98
1866
Sanitary Act - makes local councils responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning; each town has to have a health inspector.
69 of 98
1875
Artisans Dwelling Act (also known as the Housing Act): this makes house owners responsible for keeping their properties in good order; it also gives local councils the power to buy and demolish slum housing if it is not improved
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1875
Second public health act - local councils forced to appoint medical officers. Councils also ordered to cover up sewers and keep them clean, supply fresh water, collect rubbish and provide street lighting.
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1875
Sale of Food and Drugs Act - introduced guidelines for the sale of food and medicines.
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1909
Chemical cure for syphillis was discovered.
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1920's
Staphylococcus remained undefeated by any magic bullet.
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1928
Fleming discovered penicillin and the effects of it on mould.
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1930's
Development of penicillin began
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1941
Florie went to USA to meet with US Government to obtain money to get penicillin produced to treat wounded soldiers.
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By 1943
Enough penicillin had been made to treat just 1000 soldiers.
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By 1944
There was enough penicillin to treat 40,000 soldiers.
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By 1945
Britain and the USA were working closely together and 250,000 soldiers were being treated by penicillin.
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1955
Free vaccine for Polio in the UK
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1958
First pacemaker is fitted
82 of 98
1962
Surgeons at a hospital in USA reattach the arm of a 12 year old.
83 of 98
1953
Leroy Stevens - discovered stem cells
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1964
Free vaccine for measles in the UK
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1969
Free vaccine for Rubella in the UK
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1980
Smallpox is officially declared eradicated
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1996
First cloned animal (sheep - Dolly) is bred.
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2007
Breakthrough in bionic eyes
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1895
Xrays were discovered
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1917
Plastic surgery hospital opened in Kent
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1914
Albert Hustin discovered that glucose and sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting on contact with air.
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1908
Young person's act made children into protected persons
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1918
Local councils had to provide health visitors, clinics and day nurseries for pregnant women
94 of 98
1948
Introduction of the NHS
95 of 98
Up until 1948
Around 8m people had never seen a doctor before because they couldn't afford to.
96 of 98
2007
Smoking ban in enclosed public spaces
97 of 98
1948
280,000 council homes were being built each year.
98 of 98
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Black Death arrives in England killing nearly half of Europe's population and in Britain at least 1.5m people died.
Back
1348
Card 3
Front
William Harvey proves the circulation of the blood - wasn't accepted until 1901.
Back
Card 4
Front
Guys Hospital is founded in London
Back
Card 5
Front
Edward Jenner develops cowpox as protection against smallpox.
Back
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