Management strategies - Global Carbon Cycle

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Name 5 management strategies for the global carbon cycle.
1. Wetland restoration. 2. Afforestation. 3. Agricultural practices. 4. International agreements. 5. Cap and Trade
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Name 3 ways in which emissions can be reduced in agriculture.
1. Land and crop management. 2. Livestock management. 3. Manure management
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Name 6 ways in which land and crop management are used to reduce carbon dioxide emission in agriculture?
1. Crop residues. 2. Zero Tillage. 3. Polyculture. 4. Machinery. 5. Farming methods. 6. Genetic Modification
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What are crop residues and how do they reduce emissions?
Crop residues = leaving the left over crops on the field after harvest, they protect against soil erosion.
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What is zero tillage and how does it reduce emissions?
Zero tillage= growing crops without ploughing, this conserves the organic content and prevents soil erosion
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What is polyculuture and how does it reduce emissions?
Polyculture = growing annual crops around trees, it protects soils.
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How does machinery affect emissions?
Avoiding heavy machinery will not compact the soil and prevent erosion.
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How does farming methods reduce emissions?
Contour ploughing and terracing = reduces run-off and erosion.
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How does genetic modification reduce emissions?
New species can be created = to grow in different environments (drier)
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Name 3 unsustainable agricultural practices?
1. Overcultivation. 2. Overgrazing. 3. Intensification.
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Name 2 effects caused by unsustainable agricultural practices?
1. Soil erosion. 2. Carbon dioxide production.
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Name 1 way in which livestock management reduced emissions.
Improving animal feed - reducing methane production.
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Name 1 way in which manure management can reduce emissions.
Storing manure in a digester to collect methane - use this as a renewable energy resource.
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How much methane does intensive livestock farming produce a year?
100 million tonnes.
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Describe what 'Cap and Trade' is?
An international, market-based approach to reducing CO2 emissions using quotas.
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What are the 2 names of carbon as currency in 'Cap and Trade'?
1. Carbon credits. 2. Carbon offsets.
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Why are 'carbon credits' used in 'Cap and Trade'?
Carbon credits can be traded - businesses that exceed their carbon emissions can purchase more.
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What is the used of 'Carbon offsets' in 'Cap and Trade'?
Carbon offsets are credits given to companies due are involved in conservation projects.
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Why are 'Carbon offsets' useful?
They are be used to compensate for exceeding a carbon emissions elsewhere.
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Name 3 human processes that impact wetlands?
1. Population growth. 2. Urbanisation. 3. Economic development.
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Name an example of an international convention promoting wetland restoration?
International Conventions on Wetlands (Ramsar)
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What percentage of the terrestrial carbon store do wetlands account for?
35%
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What percentage of the land surface do wetlands account for?
6-9%
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How much carbon do wetlands store a year
3.25 tonnes C/ha/year
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Name 2 impacts of wetland loss?
1. Loss of biodiversity and habitat. 2. Loss of a carbon sink.
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Why is the loss of wetlands as a carbon sink an issue?
Lots of carbon dioxide is transferred to the atmosphere as a result.
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Name 2 examples of wetlands?
1. Flood plains. 2. Salt marshes.
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Name an example of an international wetland restoration project.
Canadian Prairie.
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What percentage of Canadian Prairie has been lost?
70%
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How much area has been planned for restoration?
112,000 hectares
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How much carbon will this restored wetland contain?
365,000 tonnes C/year
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Name and describe an example of a UK based wetland restoration project.
400 ha of grade 1 farmland is being converted back to wetlands in Cambridgeshire.
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What is the main management that is needed to restore wetlands.
Raising the water table = to creating the waterlogged conditions.
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Name an example of a UN framework created to respond to climate change created in 1997
Kyoto Protocol
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What was the duration of this international agreement? (Give answer in years)
1997 --> 2012
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Why was the Kyoto Protocol a successful global carbon management strategy?
It was a legally binding agreement (to reduce carbon dioxide production)
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Give 2 reasons why some countries where not included in the Protocol - give examples of countries.
1. Some were exempt - China. 2. Some didn't ratify - USA.
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Name the latest climate agreement?
The Paris Agreement
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When was this agreement established?
2015 - At the Paris Climate Convention
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When does the Paris Agreement become implemented?
2020
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Name 2 aims of the Paris Agreement?
1. Reduce global CO2 by 60% of 2010 emissions by 2050. 2. Keep global warming below 2'c.
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Give 3 issue surrounding the Paris Agreement?
1. It's not legally binding. 2. There is no time frame. 3. Countries set their own targets.
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Describe the role of developed countries within the agreement.
Give funds and technology to developing countries allowing them to meet their targets.
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Why do developing countries dispute the Paris Agreement?
Argue that reductions in emissions are the responsibility of developed countries.
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Give an example of why developed countries believe it is the responsibility of developed countries?
European and North American industrialisation has impacted modern day global warming.
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What is afforestation?
The process of planting trees in deforested areas.
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Name 4 ways planting trees reduced emissions.
1. Re-established carbon flux with atmosphere. 2. Prevents soil erosion. 3. Trees are a carbon sink 4. Reduces flood risk.
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Give an example of a UN management scheme that establishes afforestation.
UN's Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
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How does 'REDD' encourage afforestation?
Incentivise developing countries to conserve their rainforests - places monetary value on them.
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Give an example of a country with an afforestation project?
China
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How many km2 of land does the project aim to afforest by when?
400,000 km2 by 2050.
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How is the Chinese afforestation project funded?
It is government-sponsored.
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Name 2 aims of the project
1. Prevent desertification. 2. Prevent land degradation.
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Between 2000-2009 how many km2 were successfully re-planted?
30,000 km2
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name 3 ways in which emissions can be reduced in agriculture.

Back

1. Land and crop management. 2. Livestock management. 3. Manure management

Card 3

Front

Name 6 ways in which land and crop management are used to reduce carbon dioxide emission in agriculture?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are crop residues and how do they reduce emissions?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is zero tillage and how does it reduce emissions?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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