Management strategies - global carbon cycle
- Created by: LMitchell1380
- Created on: 20-02-18 12:48
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- Management strategies: global carbon cycle
- Wetland restoration
- Wetland loss =
- Loss of biodiversity and habitat
- Loss of carbon sink
- Large amount of carbon dioxide transferred to atmosphere
- Types of wetland
- Salt marshes
- Floodplain
- Freshwater marshes
- Wetlands = 6-9% of land surface
- Wetlands = 35% terrestrial carbon store
- Store = 3.25 tonnes C/ha/year
- Factors affecting wetlands
- Population growth
- Economic development
- Urbanisation
- Restoration project - Canada Praires
- 1900s - 70% loss of wetlands
- 112,000 ha planned for restoration
- = 364,000 tonnes C/year
- Management =
- International Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar)
- European Union Habitats Directive
- UK = 400 ha of grade 1 farmland being converted back to farmland
- Help government meet target of 500 ha of wetland by 2020
- Raising water tables = creating waterlogged conditions
- Wetlands on floodplains = reconnected to rivers allowing flooding
- Wetlands in coastal areas = breaching sea defences
- Diverting and blocking drainage
- Wetland loss =
- Afforestation
- Planting trees in deforested areas.
- Trees = carbon sink.
- Reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
- Long term solution
- Reduce climate change
- Long term solution
- Reducing flood risk
- Reduce soil eorsion
- Increases biodiversity
- Management
- UN's Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
- Incentives developing countries to conserve their rainforests
- Places monetary value on forest conservation
- Incentives developing countries to conserve their rainforests
- Protection from loggers, farmers, miners
- Inexpensive way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- UN's Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
- (EG) Afforestation project - China
- Government-sponsored
- Began in 1978
- Aims to afforest 400,000km2 by 2050
- 2000-2009 = 30,000km2 were successfully planted
- Non-native, fast growing species - eg: Birch
- Aims of project:
- Prevent desertification
- Prevent land degredation
- Planting trees in deforested areas.
- Agricultural practices
- Unsustainable agricultural practices
- Overgrazing
- Over cultivation
- Intensification
- Lead to soil erosion
- Leads to carbon dioxide release
- Intensive livestock farming
- 100 million tonnes/year of methane
- Padi/rice fields
- Uncontrolled decomposition of manure = CH4 emissions
- Reducing emissions in agriculture
- Land and crop management
- Zero tillage
- Growing crops without ploughing
- conserves organic content + reduces erosion
- Growing crops without ploughing
- Polyculture
- Growing annual crops around trees
- Protects soils
- Growing annual crops around trees
- Crop residues
- Leaving crop residues on fields after harvest
- Ground cover + soil erosion protection
- Leaving crop residues on fields after harvest
- Machinery
- Avoiding heavy machinery
- Compact and erodes soils
- Avoiding heavy machinery
- Farming methods
- Contour ploughing and terracing
- Reduce run-off + erosion
- Contour ploughing and terracing
- Genetic modification
- New plant strains
- Grow in drier conditions = less CH4 produced
- New plant strains
- Zero tillage
- Livestock management
- Improving livestock feed
- Less methane production
- Improving livestock feed
- Manure management
- Storing manure for methane production - renewable energy
- Land and crop management
- Unsustainable agricultural practices
- International Agreements
- Kyoto Protocol - 1997
- Countries legally bound to carbon dioxide production reductions.
- Some countries were exempt - eg; China, India
- Some countries didn't ratify - eg: USA, Australia
- Expired in 2012
- Countries legally bound to carbon dioxide production reductions.
- The Paris Agreement
- Paris Climate Convention in 2015
- Starts in 2020
- Aims
- Reduce global CO2 below 60% of 2010 emissions by 2050
- Keep global warming below 2'c
- Issues with agreement
- Countries set own targets
- Not legally binding
- Timetable not yet agreed
- Developed countries provide developing countries with technologies + funds to meet targets
- Developing countries argue reductions are responsibility of developed countries
- Some countries are still industralising
- Europe and North America own industrialisation cause modern global warming
- Developing countries argue reductions are responsibility of developed countries
- Paris Climate Convention in 2015
- Kyoto Protocol - 1997
- Cap and Trade
- International management strategy
- Market-based approach to limit CO2 emission
- Businesses are allocated annual quota - 'carbon credits'
- Carbon credits can be traded
- Businesses that exceed their quota must purchase additional credits
- 'Carbon offsets' = credits for conservation schemes
- Carbon offsets compensate for excessive emissions elsewhere
- Afforestation
- Wetland restoration
- International management strategy
- Wetland restoration
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