key terms ; paper three

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ISSUES + DEBATES
DFDG
1 of 157
- gender bias
dfg
2 of 157
universality
conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone anywhere regardless time or culture
3 of 157
gender bias
psychological research offering a view that doesn't justifiably represent the experience and behaviour of men / women
4 of 157
alpha bias
overstating the difference between sexes
5 of 157
beta bias
understating the difference between sexes
6 of 157
androcentrism
normal behaviour being judged according to a male standard (laws drawn from male-only research)
7 of 157
reflexivity
awareness of effect of own values and assumptions on nature of work and embracing as crucial aspect of rsrch process
8 of 157
essentialism
the gender difference is inevitable and fixed in nature
9 of 157
- culture bias
sdf
10 of 157
culture bias
tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through lens of one's own culture
11 of 157
ethnocentrism
belief in superiority of one's own cultural group
12 of 157
imposed etic
culture-specific idea wrongly imposed on another culture
13 of 157
cultural relativism
findings from research may only make sense from perspective of culture within which they were discovered
14 of 157
individualist culture
western culture tht values personal freedom / independence
15 of 157
collectivist cultures
more emphasis on interdependence / needs of the group
16 of 157
- free will and determinism
fdg
17 of 157
free will
humans are self determining and free to choose thoughts / actions
18 of 157
determinism
individual's behaviour is shaped / ctrlld by int/ext forces > will to do something
19 of 157
hard determinism
all human behaviour has an identifiable cause
20 of 157
soft determinism
all behaviour has a cause but people have conscious mental control of what they pay attention to
21 of 157
biological determinism
behaviour is controlled by biological influences out of our control
22 of 157
environmental determinism
behaviour is caused by features of the environment which we can't control
23 of 157
psychic determinism
behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts we cant control
24 of 157
- nature / nurture
dfg
25 of 157
nature-nurture debate
extent to which aspects of behaviour are product of inherited or acquired characteristics
26 of 157
nature aspect
human characteristics are innate
27 of 157
heredity
genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics from one gen to another
28 of 157
heritability coefficient
numerical figure of 0-1 which indicates extent to which characteristic has genetic basis
29 of 157
nuture aspect
human behaviours are a product of 'the environment'
30 of 157
interactionist approach
idea nature and nurture are linked to such an extent it doesn't make sense to separate the two
31 of 157
diathesis-stress model
mental illnesses are caused by a genetic presidposition and environmental trigger
32 of 157
epigenetics
change in genetic activity without changing genetic code
33 of 157
nativism
anatomy is destiny + inherited genetic make-up determines characteristics and behaviour
34 of 157
empiricism
any behaviour can be changed by altering environmental conditions
35 of 157
behaviour shaping
desireable behaviours selectively reinforces and undesireable punished / ignored
36 of 157
constructivism
people create their own nurture by actively selecting elements appropriate for their nature
37 of 157
niche-picking
choosing influences based on biology
38 of 157
passive interaction
parents genes influence way they treat children
39 of 157
evocative interaction
childs genes influence and shapen the environmwnt thwy grow up in
40 of 157
active interaction
child creates own environment through people and experiences they select
41 of 157
- holism / reductionism
dfg
42 of 157
holism
any attempt to break up behaviour + experience is inappropriate as these can only b understood by analysing person / behav as a whole
43 of 157
reductionism
analysing behaviour by breaking it up into constituent parts
44 of 157
parsimony
all phenomena should be explained using most basic principles
45 of 157
biological reductionism
attempting to explain social / psych phenomena at loewr biological level
46 of 157
environmental reductionism
attempt to explain all behaviour in terms of learned stimulus-response links
47 of 157
machine reductionism
using analogy of machines as a means to describe human behaviour
48 of 157
levels of explanation
different ways of viewing same phenomena some more reductionist than others
49 of 157
- idiographic and nomothetic approaches
dg
50 of 157
idiographic approach
research tht focuses more on the individual as a means of understanding behaviour
51 of 157
nomothetic approach
study human behaviour through development of general laws
52 of 157
- ethical implications
dfg
53 of 157
ethical implications
impact psych research may have in terms of rights of ther ppl esp pps
54 of 157
socially sensitive research
studies in which there are potential consequences for pps / wider society
55 of 157
GENDER
DG
56 of 157
- sex and gender
ffd
57 of 157
sex
biological status of male or female
58 of 157
gender
socio-psychological ideas of masculine and feminine
59 of 157
gender identity disorder
biologically prescribed sex not reflective of the gender they identify themselves as being
60 of 157
sex-role stereotypes
set of shared expectations people within a society / culture hold about what's acceptable behaviour for fe/males
61 of 157
- androgyny + BSRI
dfg
62 of 157
androgyny
balance of both male and female traits
63 of 157
BSRI
first systematic attempt at measuring androgyny using a rating scale
64 of 157
- role of chromosomes and hormones
dg
65 of 157
chromosomes
carry genetic information in the nucleus of living cells
66 of 157
androgens
male sex hormones
67 of 157
SRY
gene that cayses testes to develop in XY embryo
68 of 157
hormones
chemical substances that circulate in the blood that ctrl and regulate activity of certain cells / organs
69 of 157
testosterone
male hormone that controls development of male sex organs and induces aggressiveness
70 of 157
oestrogen
female hormone determining female sexual characteristics and menstruation
71 of 157
oxytocin
hormone causing contractions in labour and stimulates lactation
72 of 157
- atypical chromosome patterns
dfg
73 of 157
atypical sex chromosome patterns
any pattern that deviates from the usual ** / XY fomration
74 of 157
klinefelter's syndrome
XXY males
75 of 157
turner's syndrome
XO females
76 of 157
- kohlberg's theory
sdf
77 of 157
gender identity
recognition they're a boy / girl and ability to label others as such
78 of 157
gender stability
understanding own gender is fixed and they'll be male / female when loder
79 of 157
gender constancy
gender consistent over time and situations / begin to identify with ppl of own gender and behave in gender-appropriate ways
80 of 157
- gender schema theory
dg
81 of 157
gender schema
organised set of beliefs and expectations related to gender derived from experience
82 of 157
ingroup
people of the child's own gender
83 of 157
outgroup
the opposite one
84 of 157
in-group bias
paying more attention to people of thesame gender when processing information
85 of 157
- psydy explanation
dfg
86 of 157
bisexual
pre-phallic children are neither masculine or feminine
87 of 157
oedipus complex
phallic stage of development struggle for boys (love mother and feel rivalry with father)
88 of 157
electra complex
phallic stage of development for girls (love father and feel rivalry with mother)
89 of 157
castration anxiety
fear if father finds out urges for mother he'll castrate the child
90 of 157
penis envy
female jealousy they don't have a penis
91 of 157
identification
desire to be associated with father
92 of 157
internalisation
adopting attitudes / beliefs of another
93 of 157
displacement
placing the negative emotions towards the aggressor onto something/one else
94 of 157
psuedoscience
not genuine science
95 of 157
- SLT exp
dffg
96 of 157
direct reinforcement
being rewarded for demonstrating gender-appropriate behaviour
97 of 157
differential reinforcement
the way boys / girls encouraged to show gender-appropriate behaviour
98 of 157
vicarious reinforcement
watching someone else get rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviour + doing the same
99 of 157
identification
child attaching themself to a rewarding same sex role model
100 of 157
modelling
precise demonstration of behaviour that may be imitated by observer
101 of 157
mediational processes
attention retention reproduction motivation
102 of 157
biosocial theory of gender
there are innate bio differences reinforced through social interaction
103 of 157
- influence of culture + media
dg
104 of 157
gender-roles
set behaviours / attitudes considered appropriate for one gender and inappropriate for the other
105 of 157
observer bias
letting own personal biases play a part in what behaviours you see
106 of 157
imposed etic
assumption western ways of research are universal
107 of 157
self-efficacy
seeing others perform gender-appropriate behaviours increase child's belief they're capable of carrying out shuch behaviours in the future
108 of 157
- atypical gender development
dfg
109 of 157
gender identity disorder
mismatch between biological sex and gender identity
110 of 157
BSTc
area of brain 40% larger in males
111 of 157
brain sex theory
GID caused by specific brain structures incompatible with biological sex
112 of 157
dimorphic areas
those that take a different form in males / females
113 of 157
dual pathway theory
cognitive theory that suggests two pathways in line with GST
114 of 157
SCHIZOPHRENIA
DFFDF
115 of 157
- sz
dbd
116 of 157
positive symptoms
symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences
117 of 157
delusions
beliefs with no basis in reality (cognitive)
118 of 157
hallucinations
sensory experiences which distort or have no basis in reality
119 of 157
negative symptoms
loss of a usual experience
120 of 157
speech poverty
reduced frequency and quality of speech
121 of 157
avolition
loss of motivation to carry out tasks resulting in lover activity level
122 of 157
speech disorganisation
speech becomes incoherent or changes topic midsentence
123 of 157
reliability
consistancy
124 of 157
validity
extend to which we're measuring what we intend to do
125 of 157
co-morbidity rates
how common it is for two conditions to appear together
126 of 157
symptom overlap
two or more conditions sharing the same symptoms (questions validity of classifying them separately)
127 of 157
- biological explanations
dg
128 of 157
candidate genes
genes believed to be associated with risk of inheritance
129 of 157
dopamine
neurotransmitter that regulates mood
130 of 157
hyperdopaminergia in subcortex
high levels of dopamine in subcortex
131 of 157
hypodopaminergia in cortex
low role of dopamine in prefrontal cortex
132 of 157
prefrontal cortex
responsible for thinking / decision making
133 of 157
neural correlates
measurements of structure / function of brain that correlate with experience
134 of 157
ventrial striatum
brain area particularly involved in anticipation of reward
135 of 157
anterior cingulate gyris
lower activation levels in hallucinatio group
136 of 157
- psychological explanations
dfg
137 of 157
family dysfunction
abnormal processes within family
138 of 157
schizophrenogenic mother
cold rejecting and controlling mother creating a tension and secretive family environment
139 of 157
double-bind theory
fear doing the wrong thing but recieve mixed messages about what it is and feel unable to comment on unfairness
140 of 157
expressed emotion
level of emotion
141 of 157
dysfunctional thought processing
information processing not functioning normally
142 of 157
metarepresentation
cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour
143 of 157
central control
cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions instead
144 of 157
- bio therapies ; drug therapy
dfg
145 of 157
typical antipsychotics
first generation of antipsychotics
146 of 157
typical antipsychotics
drug for sz developed after typical
147 of 157
chlorpromazine
the best typical antipsychotic
148 of 157
clozapine
atypical with less side effects BUT agranulocytosis
149 of 157
risperidone
not serious side effects like clozapine
150 of 157
tardive dyskinesia
dopamine supersenitivity leads to grimacing / blinking / lip smacking
151 of 157
NMS
blocks dopamine action in hypothalamus
152 of 157
- psych treatments for sz
dffg
153 of 157
family therapy
psych therapy carried out with all / some mmbs
154 of 157
token economies
reward systems that manage behaviour of sz patients
155 of 157
secondary reinforcers
rewards that only have value once patient has learned they can be used to obtain rewards
156 of 157
meehl's model
diathesis entirely genetic
157 of 157

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Card 2

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- gender bias

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dfg

Card 3

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universality

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Card 4

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gender bias

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Card 5

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alpha bias

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