The first challenge of the Jim Crow laws as Homer Plessey uses a white railroad car despite being black. Got arrested when he told someone his ethnic origin and took case to Supreme Court (judge Ferguson). Lost case and extended Jim Crow laws.
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NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed (1909)
A group aiming to fight for the legal rights of African-Americans in the US. Originally elitist but became much more representative. Two of the founders, (Storey and Ovington) were white.
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The Great Migration (1917-1932)
Many black people migrate north to escape repression and to have better employment prospects/living standards. Causes great social and economic change to both the north and south of America.
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FDR's 1932 Campaign Pledges Get Him the 'Black Vote'
FDR secured a greater plebiscite through stating his New Deal policies would apply to all. This would not be the case however as to help minorities in this period would be political suicide.
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A. Philip Randolph's March on Washington (May 1941)
As the name suggests - Randolph (a black politician) threatened a 100,000 strong march on Washington unless FDR banned discrimination in the Army and defence industry. FDR responded to this with the 'Fair Employment Act'.
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FDR's 'Fair Employment Act'/Executive Order 8802 (June 1941)
This act banned racial discrimination in the defence industry, meaning many more people could be moblised to help the war effort. Most likely made more out of necessity for manpower than progressive ideology however.
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The Formation of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) (1942)
A civil rights group set up to further the rights of blacks.
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William Dawson and Adam Powell Jr. Elected to Congress (1943/1945)
These two men were the first African-American congressmen.
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Truman and Civil Rights/Executive Order 9981 (1945-53)
Vowed to fight lynching and segregation despite being ex-KKK, failed to pass fair employment laws through Congress. Managed to desegregate military in 1948 however - acknowledgement of the valour of African-Americans in WWII.
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NAACP Gradually Becomes Less Elitist (1950s)
Up until this point this group had been elitist, and due to this won few cases in the 30s and 40s. They went from 50,000 members in 1940 to 500,000 in 1946 - much more representative. Didn't lose a case in the 50s.
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Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
One of the NAACP's most prominent cases, challenged segregation of schools as it wasn't 'separate but equal'. Resulted in the verdict that segregation in schools was 'inherently unequal' - ending it and laying foundations for further advances.
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The Murder of Emmett Till (August 1955)
14 year-old African-American boy supposedly flirts with a white female, lynched and mutilated due to this. Open casket funeral allows images to circulate through media - injustice shown.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott Begins (Dec 1, 1955)
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus for a white man, sparks a bus boycott in Montgomery which destroys public services.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott Ends (Dec 20, 1956)
The bus boycott draws to a close when the Supreme Court orders the integration of buses on the grounds that segregation violated the 14th amendment.
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Little Rock Nine (1957)
State Governor of Arkansas Orville Faubus refuses to obey desegregation laws and brings in the National guard to prevent nine black students from entering school. Eisenhower responds by using the army to escort them inside.
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The Greensboro Sit-ins (1960)
Four black youths sit in white section of a diner - refused to move. Word spreads, and many other African-Americans arrive to support them. Violent white reaction (pouring coffee on youths etc.) covered by media.
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First Freedom Ride (1961)
A collaboration between CORE and the SNCC - 'freedom rides' rode buses in the South to check whether desegregation was being upheld. Violence from whites (firebombing) covered by media and generated sympathy.
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Birmingham, Alabama Protest March (April 1963)
MLK organises a march into Birmingham -a racist hotbed. Police brutality (hoses and dogs) was unleashed upon the crowd, which included women and children. Sympathy, acted as a catalyst for change.
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March on Washington (August 1963)
MLK's final display of power - NAACP, CORE and SNCC all present, solidarity. 250,000 attended, 100,000 expected. 'I have a dream' speech delivered here.
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Civil Rights Act (July 1964)
Banned racial discrimination of any kind, ended racial segregation and preferential treatment to whites in employment.
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Voting Rights Act/The 26th Amendment (August 1965)
Determined that everyone was eligible to vote regardless of colour, this along with the CRA enforced rights already assured through the 14th and 15th amendments almost a century ago.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A group aiming to fight for the legal rights of African-Americans in the US. Originally elitist but became much more representative. Two of the founders, (Storey and Ovington) were white.
Back
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed (1909)
Card 3
Front
Many black people migrate north to escape repression and to have better employment prospects/living standards. Causes great social and economic change to both the north and south of America.
Back
Card 4
Front
FDR secured a greater plebiscite through stating his New Deal policies would apply to all. This would not be the case however as to help minorities in this period would be political suicide.
Back
Card 5
Front
As the name suggests - Randolph (a black politician) threatened a 100,000 strong march on Washington unless FDR banned discrimination in the Army and defence industry. FDR responded to this with the 'Fair Employment Act'.
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