Branch of philosophy dealing with 'moral' dimension of life, what ought to be done vs what must be done vs why something is done, value vs morals vs ethics
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What is pharmacy ethics? (2)
A branch of medical ethics, framework for resolving questions about ought to be done in pharmacy practice
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What is the law? (2)
Rules and regulations which represent minimum standards. Applies broad societal standards and expectations
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What are codes and guidelines? (2)
They set minimum professional standards. Reinforced with sanctions by self-regulating professions
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How is ethics different to law and codes/guidelines? (2)
Strives for maximum standards. Provides framework for resolving dilemmas encountered in healthcare
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Why is ethics important? (4)
Life is not black and white. No magic answer but helps to achieve more caring/rational/accountable solutions. Contemporary issues involved e.g. euthanasia, infertility. Pharmacists take on diverse roles e.g. prescribing, new treatments, team care etc
Actions are performed out of duty or moral obligation
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What is the virtue theory?
Qualities of character (virtues) rather than acts or outcomes of acts
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What is the context theory?
Looks at the context of an action e.g. case-cased reasoning
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What aspects are considered in consequence (utilitarianism)? (5)
Cannot always predict consequences, focuses on end/overlooks importance of ways to achieve end, don't know who the best consequences are for, difficult to assess consequences (health/pleasure/happiness/pain), no time frame
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What are the aspects of deontological theories? (3)
Duty-based ethics e.g. choose course of action based on what is right, regardless of consequences. Duties determined by principles/rules. Problems involve interpreting duties, weighing different duties, conflict of duties
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What are the four principles for the approach of beauchamp and childress?
Non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice
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What is non-maleficence? (2)
Avoid harm, justification for acts or not acting (e.g. withholding treatment that is not beneficial for patient)
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What is beneficence? (2)
Promote well-being of others/act for benefit of patients. Encompasses medical paternalism e.g. acting without consent in order to benefit patient or prevent harm to others
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What is autonomy? (2)
Self-determination. Individual's action ought to be result of his or her own choices/freedom to act independently e.g. competent adult's decision to refuse (life saving) treatment
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What is justice? (2)
Fairness/even-handedness in dealing with patients. Distribute healthcare resources fairly
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What are the issues with the four principles approach? (3)
Determining which principles apply in the case, interpreting principles e.g. justice, weighing different principles, especially where principles conflict
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What are the nine standards of the GPhC standards for pharmacy professionals? (5)
Provide person-centered care, work in partnership with others, communicate effectively, maintain/develop/use professional knowledge and skills, use professional judgement
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What are the nine standards of the GPhC standards for pharmacy professionals? (4)
Behave in a professional manner, respect/maintain person's confidentiality and privacy, speak up when they have concerns/when things go wrong, demonstrate leadership
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Why does pharmacy have a set of standards? (4)
Expectations from patients, self-regulation, patient as first priority, everyone follows the same standards
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What is the Oxford Dictionary definition of a dilemma?
A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable. A difficult situation or problem
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What is an ethical dilemma?
Moral claims conflict with each other. May involve choice between equally unsatisfactory alternatives (involves professional judgement/decision-making)
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What are the steps for ethical decision making? (6)
Recognise moral issue, gather all relevant information, identify/clarify ethical problem, explore range of options/possible solutions, make a decision, implement/reflect on decision
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is pharmacy ethics? (2)
Back
A branch of medical ethics, framework for resolving questions about ought to be done in pharmacy practice
Card 3
Front
What is the law? (2)
Back
Card 4
Front
What are codes and guidelines? (2)
Back
Card 5
Front
How is ethics different to law and codes/guidelines? (2)
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