Introduction to Attachment (3.1)
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- Created by: Amy.w
- Created on: 14-11-21 14:13
What is attachment?
A close two way emotional bond between two
individuals where each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
individuals where each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
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What are the long term benefits of attachment?
It helps with emotional relationships- it is believed that this first relationship acts as a template for later relationships
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What are caregiver-infant interactions?
The communication between the caregiver and the infant
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What is the importance of caregiver-infant interactions?
- Benefits social development
- Forms the basis of attachment
- The more responsive and sensitive they are to each other’s signals, the deeper the bond
- Forms the basis of attachment
- The more responsive and sensitive they are to each other’s signals, the deeper the bond
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What is reciprocity?
Mother and infant interaction is reciprocal in that both the infant and mother respond to each others signals and each elicits a response from the other (Brazelton 1979)
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Reciprocity Evaluation
Influences the child's physical, social and cognitive development, it becomes the basis for the development of basic trust and mistrust
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What is interactional synchrony?
Mother and infant reflect both the actions and the emotions of the other in synchronization with each other (Meltzoff and Moore 1977)
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What is sensitive responsiveness?
Caregivers respond appropriately to infants
signals
signals
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What did Schaffer and Emerson study?
Stages of attachment-Many developmental theories identify a sequence of qualitatively different behaviours linked to specific ages. In stages of attachment some characteristics of the infant’s behaviour towards others changes as the infant gets older
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What was Schaffer and Emerson's procedure?
Longitudinal study.
60 new-born babies and mothers – working-class area of Glasgow.
Studied each month for first year in own homes then again at 18 months.
Observations, interviews with mothers.
Measure in two ways
60 new-born babies and mothers – working-class area of Glasgow.
Studied each month for first year in own homes then again at 18 months.
Observations, interviews with mothers.
Measure in two ways
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What was Schaffer and Emerson's conclusion
Pattern of attachment formation common to all infants – process biologically controlled.
Attachments more easily made with those who display sensitive responsiveness, recognizing and responding appropriate, rather than who spends most time with child.
Mul
Attachments more easily made with those who display sensitive responsiveness, recognizing and responding appropriate, rather than who spends most time with child.
Mul
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What behaviours were recorded in the study?
Stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety, seperation anxiety and social referencing (degree to child looks at carer-secure base)
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What is proximity?
People try to stay physically close to those they are attached to
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What is secure base behaviour?
Even when we are independent, we tend to make regular contact with our attachment figures. We regularly return to them while playing so they are a base from which to explore
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What is separation distress?
People are distressed when an attachment figure leaves their presence
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What was the first stage of attachment they identified?
Asocial stage - 0-6 weeks of life baby learns to separate people from objects, no preference on carer
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What was the second stage of attachment they identified?
Indiscriminate attachment phase - 6 weeks-6
months - distinguishes between different people but no strong preference for carer
months - distinguishes between different people but no strong preference for carer
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What was the third stage of attachment they identified?
Specific attachments - 7 months+ - Infants show a preference for one caregiver, displaying separation and stranger anxiety. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection.
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What was the final stage of attachment they identified?
Multiple attachments - 10/11 months+ - Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people eg. siblings, grandparents etc.
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What percentage of infants developed multiple attachments?
Within one month of having a main attachment, 29% had multiple attachments to someone else, the secondary attachment. Within 6 months, this rose to 78%.
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What were the advantages of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
- Mundane realism; the experiment was conducted under everyday conditions - the conclusions have high validity
- Longitudinal design; the study had high internal validity
- Longitudinal design; the study had high internal validity
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What were the disadvantages of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
- The data was collected through observations and interviews with the mother - prone to inaccuracy and bias
- There are individual differences in when attachment is formed - is it exclusively biological?
-Cultural and class bias - all participants were wo
- There are individual differences in when attachment is formed - is it exclusively biological?
-Cultural and class bias - all participants were wo
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What is the outdated role of the father?
- Traditionally, the father played a minor role in parenting - biologically unsuitable to raise children
- Mainly children raised by married couples, fathers went to work and mother looked after children
- Mainly children raised by married couples, fathers went to work and mother looked after children
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What is the modern role of the father?
- Men now have a bigger role in parenting
- Women normally have jobs now
- 9% of British single parents are male
- Some researchers see fathers as less of a caregiver but more of a playmate
- Women normally have jobs now
- 9% of British single parents are male
- Some researchers see fathers as less of a caregiver but more of a playmate
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What did Geiger (1996) conclude?
- Fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers
- Supports the idea of fathers being playmates rather than caregivers
- Supports the idea of fathers being playmates rather than caregivers
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What did Lamb (1987) conclude?
- Children often prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state and seek stimulation
-Mothers preferred when children are distressed and seek comfort
- Supports idea of fathers being preferred as playmates, but only in certain situati
-Mothers preferred when children are distressed and seek comfort
- Supports idea of fathers being preferred as playmates, but only in certain situati
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Role of the father evaluation
- Children with secure attachments with their fathers go on to have better relationships with their peers, less behavioural problems and can regulate their emotions more
- Children who grow up without a father have been seen to do less well at school and
- Children who grow up without a father have been seen to do less well at school and
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What was Schaffer and Emerson's aim?
Whether there was a pattern of attachment formation common to all infants.
Identify distinct stages in attachment.
Identify distinct stages in attachment.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the long term benefits of attachment?
Back
It helps with emotional relationships- it is believed that this first relationship acts as a template for later relationships
Card 3
Front
What are caregiver-infant interactions?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the importance of caregiver-infant interactions?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is reciprocity?
Back
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