Ned Ludd, a weaver supposedly destroyed two knitting frames after being whipped
2 of 47
What part of England did Luddism take place in?
North and spread to East Midlands
3 of 47
What jobs did Luddites usually have?
They were handloom weavers
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What actions did they take to show their displeasure?
Wrote threatening letters, broke machinery
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Why were they angry?
Their high skilled jobs were being taken over by machines, so they had a loss of status and wage cuts - loss of identity
Coincided with Napoleonic War, so it was a time of economic distress
6 of 47
How many frames had been destroyed in Nottingham by February 1812?
How much did this cost?
Approx. 1000 at an estimated £6,000 - £10,000
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How did the Frame Breaking Act punish this action?
Execution
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In April 1812 two Luddites died in a confrontation with soldiers, where did this happen?
William Cartwright's Rawford Mill
9 of 47
What anti-Luddite mill owner was shot?
William Horsfall
10 of 47
The killers and how many others were executed?
14
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When did the movement end?
After the assassination in 1812
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Were Luddites politically or economically motivated?
Economically
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Were the Luddites successful?
To an extent. On a small scale their methods sometimes worked. However overall they were easily stamped out and didn't achieve their goals nationally.
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When and where did the Captain Swing movement start?
August 1830 in Kent
15 of 47
Who was 'Captain Swing'?
The rioter's mythical leader - his name appeared at the bottom of their demands
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What part of England did the swing riots break out in?
South, but it spread as far north as Yorkshire
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What jobs did the swing rioters have?
They were agricultural workers
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What actions did they take to show their displeasure?
Threatening letters and burning hayricks
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Why were they angry?
Bad harvest, new machines (the threshing machine) taking over winter work, wage cuts, widening class gap, implementation of the Old Poor Law, breakdown of paternalism
20 of 47
What were their demands?
Wage increases, reduction to rent, end of rural unemployment
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Why were their actions so shocking?
Agricultural workers were seen as docile
22 of 47
Did the swing riots contribute to the first reform bill?
Yes, due to government fear
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How many counties did the riots spread to?
16+
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How many people were arrested, acquitted and executed?
1,976, 800+, 19
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What was the reason for this leniacy?
The local Justices of Peace sympathised with the rioters and didn't want to create martyrs
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When did the movement end?
1831
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Was it successful?
To a large extent as it did contribute to the passage of the first reform bill, however they did not achieve their demands
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Which movement did achieve their short term reforms, unlike the Luddites and Swing protests?
The Ten Hour Movement
29 of 47
When did the movement begin?
1830
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How long was the average working day?
12-14 hours, although it could reach 16
31 of 47
How early did attempts start to protect apprentices from the factory system?
1802
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What Whig MP wanted to reduce the hours of children from 16 to 11 in 1825?
Why was his argument undermined?
John Hobhouse
The prevalence of the free trade theory
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Why else was there opposition to the movement?
It was believed profit was only made in the last hour of the day - the rest were spent breaking even - so reducing hours meant less profit
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Why did some mill owners support the change?
A happy, healthy workforce was a more productive workforce
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What occupation was this change aimed at?
Cotton mill workers
36 of 47
What were 'short time' committees?
Workers organised themselves into groups to petition and hold mass meetings to reduce hours
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What type of politician/ political supporter joined the movement?
What type of Christian?
Radical Tories
Evangelicals
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Who was Richard Oastler in the 10 Hour Movement?
A main organiser, a manger of an estate in Yorkshire who was forceful in his convictions and an orator
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How did he stir up political interest in the movement in September 1830?
He wrote a letter to the newspaper Leeds Mary comparing the factory system to slavery
40 of 47
Who was George Bull?
A vicar and main organiser in the movement
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Who was Michael Sadler?
What did he do for the movement?
When did he lose his seat?
A Tory MP
He organised a select committee to investigate conditions in factories
1852
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Who was Lord Ashley?
Where did he achieve reform?
What argument did he use?
A Tory Peer and driving parliamentary force
The mines
Humanitarian
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Why did the Whig government take up the cause in 1833?
Mounting pressure
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What methods did they use for change?
Peaceful ones - petitions, mass meetings
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When was the Factory Act passed?
1833
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When was 10 hours achieved?
1847
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Who started the movement and what did he do?
Back
Ned Ludd, a weaver supposedly destroyed two knitting frames after being whipped
Card 3
Front
What part of England did Luddism take place in?
Back
Card 4
Front
What jobs did Luddites usually have?
Back
Card 5
Front
What actions did they take to show their displeasure?
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