In depth Triple Biology (4)

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  • Created by: HarveyCB
  • Created on: 20-10-18 11:22
What is photosynthesis
The process that produces glucose and oxygen in plants by converting carbon dioxide and oxygen
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Where does photosynthesis take place
In chloroplasts in green plant cells
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What do chloroplasts contain
Pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light
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What type of reaction is photosynthesis
Endothermic (transfers energy from the environment)
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How is energy transferred to chloroplasts
Through light from the environment
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What is the main purpose of leaves
To carry out photosynthesis
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water -- light --> glucose + oxygen
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What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O -- light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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What is glucose used for
Respiration, making cellulose, and making amino acids
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What is respiration
The process in which energy is released from the breakdown of glucose. This energy is used to convert the rest of the glucose into useful substances
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Why is glucose converted into cellulose
Because cellulose is needed for making cell walls to support and strengthen the cells
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How is glucose used to make amino acids
It is combined with nitrate ions
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Why are amino acids made from glucose
Because amino acids are used to make proteins
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How is glucose stored in plants
As lipids (fats and oils) or as starch
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Where are lipids stored
In seeds
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Where is starch stored
In roots, stems, seeds and leaves
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Why is glucose stored as starch
So it a ready for use when photosynthesis isn't happening as much (like winter), and unlike glucose, it is insoluble
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Why does glucose being soluble mean it can't be stored
A cell with lots of glucose in would draw in lots of water and swell up
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What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light intensity, carbon dioxide levels and temperature
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What is a limiting factor
If the factor is too high or low, it stops photosynthesis from happening any faster
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What affects which is the limiting factor
The environmental conditions
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When its night, what is the limiting factor likely to be
Light intensity
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When its winter, what is the limiting factor likely to be
Low temperature
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If its warm and bright, what is the limiting factor likely to be
Carbon dioxide levels
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What can also be a limiting factor of photosynthesis
The amount of chlorophyll, but this is usually only when the plant is diseased
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What must the limiting factor be if light and carbon dioxide are in plentiful supply
Temperature
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What is different about temperature as a limiting factor
It can go too high, unlike light intensity and carbon dioxide levels
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Why is temperature a limiting factor if it gets too hot
The enzymes needed to complete photosynthesis are damaged
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At what temperature will the enzymes needed for photosynthesis typically be destroyed
45 degrees celsius
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How can you investigate rate of photosynthesis
By recording the length of a gas bubble produced by an aquatic plant over a certain amount of time
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What is the unit for rate of photosynthesis in this experiment
Length of bubble per unit time
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What is the inverse square law
Light intensity is proportional to 1/distance squared
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What do you measure light intensity in
a.u. (arbitrary units)
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What is the equation for light intensity
Light intensity = 1/distance squared
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What do farmers use to ensure the ideal growing environment for their plants
Green houses
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What is controlled in a greenhouse
Light, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and the general health of the plants
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How is light controlled in greenhouses
Through artificial light sources, often used to give plants more photosynthesis time
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How is temperature controlled in green houses
The glass traps heat inside from the sun, but heaters, shades and ventilation are also used
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How is carbon dioxide concentration controlled in green houses
By using paraffin heaters, which produce carbon dioxide as a by product of burning the paraffin to heat the greenhouse
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What must a farmer be careful with
Greenhouses increase crop yield, but they could cost more than you're profiting if you're not careful
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What is respiration
The process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell
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What are the two types of respiration
Aerobic and anaerobic
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What are all the reactions in respiration catalysed by
Enzymes
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What type of reaction is respiration
Exothermic (transfers energy to the environment)
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What is aerobic respiration
Respiration using oxygen, it is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose
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Where do most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place
Mitochondria
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What is the word equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
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What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
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How is energy from respiration used
To build up larger molecules from smaller ones, to allow muscle contraction in animals, and to keep their body temperature steady in mammals and birds
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What is anaerobic respiration
Respiration which is the incomplete breakdown of glucose, due to a lack of oxygen
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When does anaerobic respiration take place
When you do vigorous exercise and your body can't supply enough oxygen to you muscles
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose --> lactic acid
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Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient
It transfers much less energy as the glucose isn't fully oxidized, so it is used only in emergencies
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What is oxygen dept
The amount of extra oxygen your body needs after exercise to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells
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Why do you breathe hard after exercising
To get more oxygen into your blood, to repay the oxygen dept
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What does oxygen form when reacted with lactic acid
Carbon dioxide
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How else can lactic acid be converted
In the liver, lactic acid can be converted back to glucose
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
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What is ethanol
Alchohol
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What is respiration in yeast called
Fermentation
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What is fermentation used for
To make bread (the carbon dioxide makes it rise), and in beer/winemaking (it produces alcohol)
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What happens during exercise
Your body needs more oxygen in its cells to carry out enough respiration for the energy to make your muscles contract
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How does your body meet the demand for extra oxygen during exercise
Increases breathing rate, breath volume and heart rate
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What does an increased heart rate do
Delivers more oxygen and glucose to cells, and takes away more carbon dioxide
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Why is a build up of lactic acid bad
It's painful for your muscles
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What is muscle fatigue
When your muscles get tired from vigorous exercise, and stop contracting efficiently
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What is the recovery period
The time after exercise when the oxygen dept is being paid back
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How can you investigate the effect of exercise
Measuring breathing rate (counting breaths), and heart rate (taking the pulse)
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What is metabolism
The sum total of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body
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What are the reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones described as overall
Endothermic (take energy from the environment)
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What are the reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones described as overall
Exothermic (transfer energy to the environment)
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Give some examples of reactions that break down larger molecules
Respiration (glucose broken down), and protein being broken down into urea
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Give some examples of reactions that make larger molecules
Glucose forms starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Glycerol and three fatty acids form lipids. Glucose and nitrate ions form amino acids, then proteins
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where does photosynthesis take place

Back

In chloroplasts in green plant cells

Card 3

Front

What do chloroplasts contain

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What type of reaction is photosynthesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is energy transferred to chloroplasts

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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