In depth Triple Biology (2c)

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  • Created by: HarveyCB
  • Created on: 29-09-18 16:36
What do enzymes play an important role in
Speeding up chemical reactions inside your body
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What do living things have going on inside them all the time
Thousands of different chemical reactions (including those involved in metabolism)
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Why do your internal chemical reactions need to be controlled
To get the right amount of substances
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How can you usually speed up a chemical reaction
By raising the temperature
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Why is raising the temperature not an effective way of speeding up your body's internal reactions
It also speeds up unwanted reactions, and it reaches a limit where the high temperatures begin to damage cells
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What do all living things produce to speed up internal reactions
Enzymes
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What do enzymes act as
Biological catalysts
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Why are enzymes useful
They speed up only the wanted reactions, and do so without damaging the cells
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What is a catalyst
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being change or used up by the reaction
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What are all enzymes made of
Large proteins, which are made up of chains of amino acids
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How are enzymes specialised for their jobs
The amino acid chains are folded into unique shapes
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What do chemical reactions usually involve
Things being split apart or joined together
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What does each enzyme have
An active site
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What is the active site
A unique shape in the enzyme that fits onto the substance involved in the reaction
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How many reactions do enzymes usually catalyse
One
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Why do enzymes only catalyse one reaction
Because, for them to work, the substrate has to fit into the active site
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What happens if the substrate doesn't fit the active site
The reaction won't be catalysed
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What is the substrate
The 'reactant' (what reacts to form the products)
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What model is used to show how enzymes work
The lock and key model
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What does the lock and key model suggest about enzymes
That the substrate fits the active site perfectly
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How are enzymes different to the lock and key model
The active site changes shape as the substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit
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What is the more advanced model used to describe enzymes
The 'induced fit' model, where the active site slightly changes shape
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What do enzymes need to work best
Optimum conditions
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What are the optimum conditions for enzymes
The right pH and temperature (usually 37 degrees celsius)
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What happens to the enzyme if the temperature is too high
Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break, changing the shape of the active site, so the substrate no longer fits
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What do we call an enzyme that's active site no longer fits the substrate
Denatured
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What happens to the enzyme if the pH is too low or too high
The pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together, and the active site changes shape, and the enzymes denatured
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What is the optimum pH for enzymes
It is different for different enzymes depending on where they work. For many it is neutral pH 7, but not always
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Give an example of an enzyme, where it works, and its optimum pH
Pepsin, which works in the acidic conditions of the stomach, has an optimum pH of 2
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What is the digestive system
The organ system that breaks down food, so nutrients can be absorbed into the body from the gut
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What are the two methods of breaking down food
Mechanical and chemical digestion
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What is mechanical digestion
Teeth grinding up food, or stomach churning up food
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What is chemical digestion
Where enzymes help to break down food
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List all the components in the digestive system
Mouth, salivary gland, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
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Where do the enzymes involved in digestion work
Outside the body cells
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Where are digestive enzymes produced
In specialised cells in glands and the gut lining
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What is the purpose of digestive enzymes
To break down big molecules into smaller ones that can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system to be absorbed into the bloodstream
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Give some examples of big molecules broken down by enzymes
Starch, proteins and lipids
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Give some examples of small molecules that substances are broken down into by enzymes
Glucose, maltose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids
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Give some examples of enzymes
Carbohydrase, amylase, protease, lipase
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What does carbohydrase break down
Carbohydrates
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What are carbohydrates broken down into
Simple sugars
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Give an example of a type of carbohydrase
Amylase
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What does amylase break down
Starch
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What is starch broken down into
Maltose (and other sugars like dextrins)
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Where is amylase produced
The salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
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Where does amylase work
The mouth and small intestine
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What does protease break down
Proteins
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What are proteins broken down into
Amino acids
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Where is protease produced
The stomach, pancreas and small intestine
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What does lipase break down
Lipids
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What are lipids broken down into
Glycerol and fatty acids
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Where does protease work
The stomach and the small intestine
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Where is lipase produced
The pancreas and the small intestine
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Where does lipase work
The small intestine
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What is another way of saying an enzyme breaks something down
It catalyses the conversion of... into ...
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What enzymes are produced by the salivary glands
Amylase
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What enzymes are produced by the stomach
Protease
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What enzymes are produced by the pancreas
Amylase, protease and lipase
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What enzymes are produced by the pancreas
Amylase, protease and lipase
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What enzymes work in the mouth
Amylase
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What enzymes work in the stomach
Protease
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What enzymes work in the small intestine
Amylase, protease and lipase
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Where is bile produced
The liver
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Where is bile stored
The gall bladder
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Where is bile released into after its stored in the gall bladder
The small intestine
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Which end of the pH scale is bile
Alkaline
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Why is the alkaline bile useful
It neutralizes hydrochloric acid from the stomach so enzymes in the small intestine work better in the new alkaline conditions
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What is another job of bile
To emulsify fats
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What is emulsifying fats
Breaking the fat into tiny droplets
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Why does bile emulsify fats
To give the enzyme lipase a bigger surface area to work on, speeding up digestion
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How would you prepare a food sample
Break up the food using a pestle and mortar, transfer to a breaker and add some distilled water, then stir with a glass rod to dissolve some of the food. Filter the solution to get rid of the solid food bits
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How would you filter a food sample
Using a funnel and filter paper
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What kinds of foods are sugars found in
Biscuits, cereals and bread
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What are the two types of sugar
Reducing and non-reducing
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What do you use to test for reducing sugars
Benedict's solution and a water bath set to 75 degrees celsius
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How do you test for reducing sugars
Add around ten drops of Benedict's solution to the food sample and leave in the water bath for five minutes
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What is a positive result for reducing sugars
The solution changes from blue to green, yellow or brick-red
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What foods contain starch
Pasta, rice and potatoes
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What do you use to test for starch
Iodine solution
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How do you test for starch
Add a few drops of iodine solution to your food sample and shake gently
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What is a positive result for starch
The solution changes from browny-orange to blue-black
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What foods contain protein
Meat and cheese
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What do you use to test for proteins
Biuret solution
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How do you test for proteins
Add 2cm cubed of biuret solution to the food sample and shake gently
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What is a positive result for proteins
The solution changes from blue to pink or purple
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What foods contain lipids
Olive oil, margarine and milk
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What do you use to test for lipids
Sudan III solution
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How do you test for lipids
Add three drops of Sudan III solution to the food sample and shake gently
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What is a positive result for lipids
The sample will separate out into two layers, and the top layer will be bright red
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do living things have going on inside them all the time

Back

Thousands of different chemical reactions (including those involved in metabolism)

Card 3

Front

Why do your internal chemical reactions need to be controlled

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How can you usually speed up a chemical reaction

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why is raising the temperature not an effective way of speeding up your body's internal reactions

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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