Who distinguishes between open and close systems?Believes science is open and religion is closed. Closed systems, when challenged, have 'get out clauses' that reinforce the system.
Horton
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Make knowledge claims that cannot be disproved e.g. religion. When challenged, they reject the evidence.
Closed belief system
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What is evan-pritchards study that supports Hortons idea of self-reinforcing, closed belief system.
Witchcraft among the Azande
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Who argues that belief systems have three devices to sustain themselves in the face of contradictory evidence?
Polyani
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What are Polyani's three devices?
Circulatory, Subsidary explanations, denial of legitimacy to rivals
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Who argues that science is a closed belief system?
Kuhn
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What does Kuhn call the shares assumptions scientists use to tell them what reality is like and what and how to study?
Paradigm
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What happens if a scientist challenges the fundamental assumptions of Paradigm?
Ridiculed and Rejected
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What do interpretative argue that all scientific knowledge is? The reason they believe science is not objective truth.
Socially constructed
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Who argues that what scientists study in the lab is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world? She argues this is because of the invention of new instruments that permits scientists to fabricate new facts.
Knorr-Cetina
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Who is the ethnomethodologist that believes that when confronted with evidence from observations and experiments, scientists have to decide what it means and have to persuade others of their interpretation.
Woolgar
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What example does Woolgar use?
Little Green Men
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What sociologists believe science is an ideology that helps dominant groups?
Marxists, feminists, postmodernists.
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What do marxists believe the working class need to develop to overthrow capitalism?
Class consciousness
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What institutions promote the ruling class ideology because they are owned by the ruling class?
Media, education, religion
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What does Gramsci call the ruling class ideological domination?
Hegemony
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Who see's all belief systems as one sided? This one-sidedness resulting from viewpoint of one class or groups.
Mannheim
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What are Mannheims two types of belief systems?
Ideological though and Utopian thought
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What, in Mannheims view, is the solution to the conflict causes by intellectuals siding with different groups and classes?
Free floating intelligentsia
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What do feminists think causes gender inequality?
patriarchal ideology
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How is religion used to define women as inferior?
Ideologies in religious beliefs and practices
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Whats an example of the way women have been shown as inferior through religious practices/beliefs?
Islam and menstruating women
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The person that believes science is an open belief system governed by falsification. Believes scientific knowledge is cumulative.
Back
Popper
Card 3
Front
Makes knowledge claims that are open to criticism and be falsified.
Back
Card 4
Front
According to Merton what are the CUDOS norms that serve to increase scientific knowledge.
Back
Card 5
Front
Who distinguishes between open and close systems?Believes science is open and religion is closed. Closed systems, when challenged, have 'get out clauses' that reinforce the system.
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