one half of a chromosome, made up of 1 short arm and 1 long arm
3 of 31
What connects the 2 sister chromatids?
the centromere
4 of 31
What is the anagram to help remember the cell cycle?
shIPMATe
5 of 31
How long is the interphase?
Longest part of the cell cycle
6 of 31
What are the phases of interphase? (longest stage)
G, S, G2
7 of 31
What happens in the G phase?
The cell grows in size, cellular contents (other then Chromosomes) replicated, protein synthesis, checkpoint 1 (to check all DNA ready for synthesis)
8 of 31
What is the G0 phase?
The cell 'quits' the cell cycle, doesn't divide or replicate and dies at the end of its life
9 of 31
What happens in the S phase?
DNA synthesised (replicated), so that each chromosome now has an identical sister chromatid (connected to them by centromere)
10 of 31
What happens in the G2 phase?
more proteins synthesised, grows in size, checkpoint 2 (check that new DNA is error free after replication), spindle microtubules made
11 of 31
Name 4 processes that involve mitosis
tissue repair, asexual reproduction, replacement of cells, embryonic development
12 of 31
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
13 of 31
What happens in Prophase?
Chromatin condenses by supercoiling, nuclear envelope breaks down and disintegrates, centrioles move to opposite poles (and form microtubule spindle fibres)
14 of 31
What happens in Metaphase?
Microtubule spindle fibres connect to the centrosome of each chromosomes, then the fibres shorten and contract so the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
15 of 31
What happens in the Anaphase?
The sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes, and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the still connected spindle fibres
16 of 31
What happens in the Telophase?
The spindle fibres dissolve, chromosomes de-condense (back into chromatin), and nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes (so there are 2 daughter nuclei)
17 of 31
What does a microscope image of the Prophase look like?
Grainy circle in the middle of the cell (which is the condensing chromatin)
18 of 31
What does a microscope image of the Metaphase look like?
Chromosomes are lined up along the middle
19 of 31
What does a microscope image of the Anaphase look like?
bananas / fingers being pulled apart
20 of 31
What does a microscope image of the Telophase look like?
2 dark circles (each individual nuclei) at each end of the cell
21 of 31
What happens in Cytokinesis?
The (double-nucleated) cell splits into 2 daughter cells
22 of 31
How does Cytokinesis happen in animal cells?
the plasma membrane elongates and pinches inwards
23 of 31
How does Cytokinesis happen in plant cells?
A firm plate is formed in between the 2 daughter cells
24 of 31
How would you calculate mitotic index?
number of cells in mitosis/total number of cells or time spent in mitosis/time for 1 cell cycle
25 of 31
What is a Mutagen?
An agent (biological/chemcial/radioactive) that causes genetic mutations
26 of 31
What is an Oncogene?
A gene which (in certain circumstances) can transform into a tumor cell
27 of 31
What is a primary tumor?
A tumor that forms at the anatomical site where the tutor started developing
28 of 31
What is Metastasis?
Tumor cells being transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body, causing secondary tumors
29 of 31
Tumors are the result of ...
uncontrolled cell division
30 of 31
why are tumors so dangerous?
they don't differentiate into normal cells, and develop their own blood supply and grow at the expense of surrounding tissue
31 of 31
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is a Chromosome?
Back
supercoiled, condensed DNA
Card 3
Front
What is a sister chromatid?
Back
Card 4
Front
What connects the 2 sister chromatids?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the anagram to help remember the cell cycle?
Comments
No comments have yet been made