History Significance

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  • Created by: MiaT212
  • Created on: 14-04-21 15:36
Why did Jenner conduct his investigation?
He theorised that those catching cowpox were immune to smallpox
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What did Jenner test and when?
In 1796, Jenner tested his theory on an James Phipps by giving him cowpox from milkmaid pustules, then exposing him to smallpox 6 weeks later. No disease followed.
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When did Jenner conclude his theory was correct?
After he tested on 16 different patients
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Why was Jenner's vaccination accepted/what did it lead to?
It was more effective and safer than inoculation popularised by Lady Montagu in the 1740s. By 1800, 100000 had been vaccinated as well as Napoleon's army.
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Why else was Jenner's vaccination significant at the time?
Vaccinations saved many lives even overseas as his ideas spread across Europe.
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Why was the rate of impact in Britain slowed?
Those who did not support Jenner's vaccination due to its inability to be explained and religious adversity continued anti-Jenner propaganda
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What was Jenner given by the government for his vaccinations and why was this significant in the long term?
£10000 grant in 1802. After the success made possible by this, it proved the government involvement in preventing disease was necessary and the laissez-faire attitude was outdated.
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What were the smallpox death stats before and after vaccination was made compulsory in 1853
In 1700s 1/3 of all children's death was a result of smallpox but in 1978 Jenner's vaccine saw the eradication of the disease.
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Who did Jenner's ideas inspire?
Louis Pasteur was inspired by Jenner's work to develop vaccines for other diseases such as chicken cholera in 1879 which led to a scientific movement to cure disease.
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What year was the cholera outbreak that John Snow investigated?
1854
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How many died in the 1854 cholera outbreak?
20,000
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What did John Snow note about the victims?
80% got their water from the same water pipe in Soho, London on Broad Street
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What did Snow believe do be the cause of catching cholera?
swallowing water infected by the faeces of those with cholera
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What did John Snow do?
He broke the water pump handle as he theorised this was the cause of the outbreak.
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Along side Snow's 1855 plea to improve sewer systems, what persuaded politicians to finally take action?
the Great Stink of 1858
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How did politicians take actions in 1875?
They commissioned Bazalgette who built an 83 mile sewer system under London.
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What did Snow perhaps inspire and aid?
Germ Theory of 1861 which moved away from the theory of miasma just as John Snow did.
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What proved Snow's argument in 1883?
Koch determined the cause of cholera
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How and when did Pasteur begin to start developing Germ Theory?
A brewery company hired him to find out why all of their alcohol was going sour. He found microorganisms growing rapidly and started to work out that these germs were not the product of decay, but were responsible for it.
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How was Pasteur able to demonstrate Germ Theory?
He put a nutrient rich broth into a swan neck flask and boiled it to kill off existing microorganisms. If the flask remained upright, microorganisms could not get into the broth and would get stuck in the 'neck' of the flask. He then broke the neck of the
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When was Germ Theory published?
1861.
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What were the four parts of Germ Theory?
That the air is full of microbes, that there are more microbes in some areas than in others, that microbes can decay, and that microbes can be killed by heating.
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Why was Pasteur's theory not widely accepted?
spontaneous generation directly contrasted his theory which was an increasingly popular belief amongst famous doctors such as Charlton Bastian.
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Why did Pasteur theorise germs led to human illness as well?
in 1865, after realising silkworms in industry were killed by disease, he theorised that germs also led to human illnesses too
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What was Pasteur's other significant discovery?
Pasteur took the work of Jenner and identified the need to find the germ causing diseases in order to create new vaccines. Spurred on by his rivalry with Koch, Pasteur in 1879 inadvertently showed how vaccines could give immunity through his accidental in
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Who was inspired by the work of Pasteur?
The work of Pasteur inspired Joseph Lister who sprayed carbolic acid on the surgeon's hands, wounds and surgical instruments as an antiseptic. He explained his techniques through his experiment on Jamie Greenlees in 1865 and through Pasteur’s Germ Theory.
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What did Lister also use as a result of Germ Theory and how was this significant?
Joseph Lister also used the diphtheria antitoxin in Britain and by 1905 the death rate halved.
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What did the discovery of germs allow Paul Ehrlich to do?
In 1909, the discovery of germs also allowed Paul Ehrlich to develop the first chemical cure for a disease, Salvarsan 606 which cured syphilis.
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What was the main short term significance of Pasteur?
encouraged a new generation of scientists such as Roberts and Cheyne to study diseases and germs.
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Why was Fleming's discoveries not as significant in the short term?
Due to the lack of technology and funding he was unable to produce pure penicillin
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When did Fleming discover penicillin?
1928
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What bacteria had Fleming been examining?
Staphylococcus.
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How did Fleming discover penicillin?
He found the penicillin mould growing on the agar that the staphylococcus had been growing on. This mould must have got into the agar from a spore in the air. This happened by chance.
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How did Florey and Chain pick up his work?
Fleming wrote his discoveries down into a medical journal in 1929
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Who did Fleming test penicillin on?
on animals, and showed it did no harm, he tried it on a colleague’s eye infection with positive results
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Why was this discovery significant?
This was a significant improvement on antiseptics and preventing infection, as antiseptics could only kill surface germs, but penicillin could be used to treat deep, infected wounds inside the body thus reducing death rates.
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When did Florey and Chain collaborate to produce pure penicillin?
1938
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Why did they need funding?
they did not have the resources to produce large amounts of it needed to treat human patients.
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When war broke out who did Florey and Chain approach for funding?
the British government for funding, but this funding was only received from the US chemical firms after Pearl Harbour in 1941.
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When did mass production begin?
Mass production of penicillin began in Britain in 1943 and by 1944 there was enough penicillin to treat all the wounded allied forces in Europe.
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What did the mass production of penicillin lead to?
This led to the development of specific antibiotics in 1957 by Sheehan, when a chemical copy of penicillin was discovered which allowed scientists to modify it and target different diseases and treat millions more people.
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Why was the discovery of penicillin significant in terms of government intervention?
highlighted the need for government intervention and funding as this was the only way in which penicillin was able to be correctly and successfully developed.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Jenner test and when?

Back

In 1796, Jenner tested his theory on an James Phipps by giving him cowpox from milkmaid pustules, then exposing him to smallpox 6 weeks later. No disease followed.

Card 3

Front

When did Jenner conclude his theory was correct?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why was Jenner's vaccination accepted/what did it lead to?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why else was Jenner's vaccination significant at the time?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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