HISTORY - ATTITUDES TO PUNISHMENT

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  • Created by: hollyp123
  • Created on: 09-06-19 22:09
Why does society generally punish those who have committed a crime? (4)
To deter, to protect, to discipline and to reform.
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What does 'to deter' mean?
The belief that punishment should be sufficiently unpleasant to deter.
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What does 'to protect' mean?
The belief that society will be protected if criminals are locked away.
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What does 'to discipline' mean?
To punish an individual for committing a wrongful act.
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What does 'to reform' mean?
To change the character of criminals through education and training to prevent re-offending.
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How have the attitudes of governments influenced attitudes to punishment?
All changes in punishment in recent centuries have stemmed from government decisions.
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How has social change influenced attitudes to punishment?
Urbanisation caused higher crime rates which in turn led for calls for people to be protected.
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How have ideas & attitudes to punishment influenced attitudes to punishment?
Religious views have influenced punishment, as have the ideas of the Enlightenment (intellectual movement which pushed forward the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th c.) which favoured prison over death.
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How has wealth & poverty influenced attitudes to punishment?
The desire to protect property led to the Bloody Code, with 225 crimes being punishable by death.
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How have the activities of individuals influenced attitudes to punishment?
Campaigns of prison reformers such as John Howard & Elizabeth Fry, and the actions of Sir Samuel Romilly and Sir Robert Peel who dismantled the Bloody Code.
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How has fear of crime influenced attitudes to punishment?
Government have responded by making punishments more severe.
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How has the role of media influenced attitudes to punishment?
Newspapers & other media have had a strong influence.
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How did society attempt to maintain law and order before an organised police force? Where did they take place?
By issuing harsh punishments, most of which were delivered in public to deter others from committing such crimes.
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What was corporal punishment?
Physical punishment - involved whipping/flogging, often on market day in the town square, in full public view.
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What was it used as a punishment for? (4)
Minor offences such as drunkenness, petty theft, begging and vagrancy.
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When was public humiliation a common type of punishment?
16th and 17th centuries.
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What was the principle aim?
Humiliate offenders for minor crimes so as to prevent others from committing such crimes.
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What was the pillory? When was it abolished?
A wooden/metal frame on a post used to secure people's head and hands, abolished in 1837.
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What were the stocks? When was it abolished?
Large hinged wooden boards used to secure people by the ankles, abolished in 1872.
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What was capital punishment? What are crimes that carry this punishment known as?
The death penalty. Capital crimes.
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What was the Bloody Code?
The harsh laws gradually introduced in the 17th & 18th centuries that made even minor crimes punishable by death.
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Between 1688 and 1815, the number of crime carrying the death penalty rose from 50 to what?
225.
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What were examples of minor crimes punishable by death? (3)
Stealing horses & sheep, pickpocketing goods above the value of one shilling and poaching.
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Which punishment came to be seen as the 'middle' punishment between the extremes of capital and corporal punishment?
Transportation overseas.
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Which act allowed for the banishment of criminals and to where?
The 1717 Transportation Act to North America.
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When did Australia become the new destination of transportees?
1787.
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What did Sir Samuel Romilly do? (2)
He wrote a book called "Observations on the Criminal Law in England" in 1810 and campaigned in Parliament to abolish the death penalty for some crimes.
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What did Sir Robert Peel do?
Used his position as Home Secretary in the 1820s to abolish the death penalty for more than 100 crimes.
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By 1861, the number of capital crimes had been reduced to what? What were they?
Five - murder, treason, espionage, arson in royal dockyards and piracy with violence.
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Name two reasons for the ending of the 'Bloody Code'.
Public executions weren't working; they attracted large, unruly crowds, alternative punishments such as transportation and prison.
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Name another two reasons for the ending of the 'Bloody Code'.
Changing attitudes: capital punishment came to be seen as too excessive and out of proportion to the crime, and juries were not willing to convict: the reluctance to convict the accused to death for minor offences.
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By the 1860s, what percentage of serious offenders were sent to prison?
90%.
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What were the reasons for this change? (6)
Ending of transportation, influence of prison reformers, debates on how to treat prisoners, change in public attitudes, change in government attitudes and the Gladstone Committee, 1895.
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How did the ending of transportation explain the change?
By the 1840s, there was growing criticism of the transportation system and it was finally abolished in 1868.
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How did the influence of prison reformers explain the change?
The campaigns of humanitarians like John Howard, Sir G.O. Paul and Elizabeth Fry.
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How did the debates on how to treat prisoners explain the change?
A change in attitude from deterrent to reform, and between the separate and silent systems.
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How did the change in public attitudes explain the change?
The ending of the Bloody Code and the use of prison as an alternative to capital punishment.
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How did the change in gov. attitude explain the change?
Victorian governments began to adopt a more humanitarian approach and passed a number of Prison Acts.
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How did the Gladstone Committee of 1895 explain the change?
This report resulted in the passing of the Prisons Act 1898 which reduced the time prisoners were kept isolated, abolished hard labour and set up prisons for young offenders.
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Which crimes were punishable by execution in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Murder, treason, counterfeiting and arson.
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During the Tudor period, execution was often the punishment for which types of crimes?
Political and religious.
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Who was Rowland Lee and what did he do?
The President of the Council of Wales and the Marches, had over 5,000 people publicly hanged in an effort to impose law and order between 1534 and 1543.
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Who was burned at the stake and why? Give two examples.
Heretics - it was believed they had rebelled against God, e.g. Ridley and Latimer, Protestant bishops burned by Mary Taylor.
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How were people punished if they committed treason?
They were hung, drawn and quartered.
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What would happen if the person was from a higher social class? Give an example.
They were beheaded. Mary Queen of Scots was found guilty of treason for plotting to kill Queen Elizabeth I and was beheaded in February 1587.
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How many capital crimes were punishable by death in 1815?
225.
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What is retribution?
Prisoners should undertake hard labour, be locked up in solitary cells and not have visitors.
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What is rehabilitation?
Prisoners should be helped to change their attitudes and behaviour through counselling, education and training.
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Up until the 19th century, juveniles were usually treated in the same way as who?
Adults.
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What happened in 1902 to to try to change how younger offenders are dealt with?
An experimental school to try to reform repeating offenders aged 15-21 was started at Borstal in Kent.
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What was the focus of it? (3)
Routine, discipline and respecting authority.
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When did Borstals start to spread across the UK?
1908.
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When were Borstals abolished?
1982.
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What were Borstals replaced by? Where was it served?
A system of youth custody which was served in Detention Centres or later, Young Offenders Institutions.
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What could young offenders be given depending on the seriousness of the offence and their age, and where?
A custodial sentence at Secure Training Centres or even in Juvenile Prisons.
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What does ASBOs stand for and when were they first used?
Anti-social Behaviour Orders - 1999.
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What was introduced in 2003? (2)
Tagging and curfew orders.
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What is the system of dealing with young offenders still meant to do?
Punish by removing liberty.
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What is it also designed to encourage? (3)
Self-respect, self-discipline and develop skills to prepare for employment.
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Name five arguments in favour of the abolition of the death penalty.
An innocent person could be hanged, it was not a deterrent as most murders happen impulsively, even the worst person could be reformed, the crime rate didn't increase in countries which abolished CP, it can make martyrs of criminals & terrorists.
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Name four arguments against the abolition of the death penalty.
Hanging is the ultimate deterrent, a dead murderer cannot kill again, keeping a murderer in prison is expensive, it satisfies the victim's family and the public.
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Why did attitudes shift clearly in the mid-20th century?
There was huge media interest in particular cases which involved use of the death penalty.
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What happened to Timothy Evans and when did it happen?
1950 - Welshman, hanged for the murders of his wife and infant child which he did not commit.
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What happened to Derek Bentley and when did it happen?
1953 - hanged for the murder of a policeman which was carried out by his accomplice and not himself.
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What happened to Ruth Ellis and when did it happen?
1955 - hanged for the murder of her lover in circumstances some saw as a 'crime of passion' - it was evident that her lover (Blakely) had abused her.
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Which two acts caused the abolition of the death penalty?
The Homicide Act of 1957 and The Abolition of the Death Penalty Act in 1969.
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What did the Homicide Act of 1957 do?
It abolished hanging for all murders except for the murder of a police officer, murder by shooting or murder while resisting arrest.
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What did the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act of 1969 do?
This made all hanging illegal and finally ended capital punishment in the UK.
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When did the last hanging in the UK take place? Whose hanging was it and what were they guilty of?
13th August 1964 - Peter Allen in Walton Prison, Liverpool and Gwynne Evans in Strangeways Prison, Manchester, were hanged after being found guilty of the murder of John Allan West.
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What does rehabilitation involve? (3)
Teaching criminals new skills to prepare them for a return to society, treating their drug or alcohol addiction, providing them with education and counselling.
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What does restitution involve? (3)
Restorative actions like facing the person who has been wronged, repairing the criminal damage to physical property, or carrying out some form of community service.
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When was parole introduced? What does it do?
1967 - as a way to rehabilitate prisoners, releasing them early from prison when they demonstrated that they no longer posed a threat to society.
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When were community orders introduced? What do they do?
2003 - requiring offenders to attend drug/alcohol treatment programmes, work on community projects, work for charities or repair damage to property and remove graffiti to make offenders understand the effect of their crimes.
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When were probation centres set up? What do they do?
1980s - allowing offenders to discuss issues which result in crime, explore ways to use leisure time in a positive and constructive way and allow probation officers the opportunity to monitor and control the behaviour of offenders.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does 'to deter' mean?

Back

The belief that punishment should be sufficiently unpleasant to deter.

Card 3

Front

What does 'to protect' mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does 'to discipline' mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does 'to reform' mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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