hazards

?
Which plate boundary to Tsunamis occur on?
Destructive-causes the displacement of water
1 of 94
Give an example of a multi-hazardous enviroment
The Phillipines
2 of 94
Why is the Philippines a multi-hazardous environment?
>It is on the ring of fire. >It is 5-30 degrees from the equator.>It is on a destructive plate boundary.>It has a vulnerable population.
3 of 94
Where tropical storms form?
5-30 degrees away from the equator
4 of 94
What was the magnitude of the 2011 Japan Earthquake?
9
5 of 94
What was the level 7 nuclear power plant in Japan called?
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant
6 of 94
What is the estimated cost of damages after the 2011 Japan Earthquake?
$300 billion
7 of 94
How does an earthquake lead to liquefaction?
Loosely packed sediments near the surface lose their strength after strong ground shaking. This acts like a fluid during the vibrations.
8 of 94
Why do people live near volcanoes?
>Minerals.>Geothermal energy.>Fertile soils.>Tourism.
9 of 94
What is the floating building in Los Angeles?
the USA's most earthquake resistant building. Emergency response centre which floats on 40 suspension points and rolls back and forth.
10 of 94
Why is the number of reported hazards increasing?
>Better technology. >education. >changes in global temperature. >increased media coverage. >urbanisation. >increasing population.
11 of 94
Why has the number of hazard related deaths decreased?
>Improved prediction. >Preparedness. >Mitigation. >Technology and Media. >Improved healthcare.
12 of 94
Why does magma heat up and rise?
It gains heat energy from radioactive processes in the core.
13 of 94
What is gravitational sliding?
The movement of tectonic plates as a result of gravity.
14 of 94
What is the lithosphere?
The crust and upper mantle.
15 of 94
What happens at a conservative margin?
Plates slide past/against each other. Eg San Andreas vault.
16 of 94
What hazards are created at conservative margins?
Powerful, shallow focus earthquakes, landslides and possibly tsunamis.
17 of 94
What happens at a constructive margin?
Plates move apart. Eg. the Great African rift valley.
18 of 94
What happens at a destructive margin?
Plates move inwards towards each-other.
19 of 94
What hazards occur at destructive plate margins?
Earthquakes.
20 of 94
What causes geo-thermal energy in the core?
Radioactive decay.
21 of 94
What does the Park Model show?
The effects of a hazard on quality of life over time. Shows responses at different time scales. Allows us to prepare evacuation, exclusion zones and land use changes.
22 of 94
Give 4 examples of seismic hazards.
>Tsunamis. >Flooding. >Liquefaction. >subsidence.
23 of 94
Give an example of a super volcano
The Yellowstone Caldera.
24 of 94
What are some common volcanic gases?
Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
25 of 94
What is vog?
Volcanic fog/ash/smog.
26 of 94
What are the dangers of exposure to sulfur dioxide?
Irritation to eyes, skin and breathing problems.
27 of 94
What are the factors impacting seismic activity?
>Location and geology. >Time of day. >Level of development. >Population density. >Magnitude.
28 of 94
What are Lahars?
Mud flows which combine mud and soil with water and volcanic debris.
29 of 94
What type of volcano causes pyroclastic flow?
Composite volcanoes.
30 of 94
What type of volcano causes lava flows?
Shield volcanoes.
31 of 94
Black Saturday bushfire causes...
>45 degrees celcius. >heatwave=dry vegetation. >low humidity. >Eucaliptus. >Spotting and ladder effect.
32 of 94
Black Saturday bushfire responses...
>Charity concert raised 8.8 million. >4000 CFA fighters. >74 US firefighters.
33 of 94
Black Saturday bushfires management...
>Building codes-must withstand 820 degrees. >backburning. >controlled burning. >'fire bans'
34 of 94
When was hurricane Katrina?
2005
35 of 94
What category was hurricane Katrina?
5
36 of 94
Hurricane Katrina impacts...
>1836 dead. >80 percent of city flooded. >cost 200 billion. >1 million refugees. >oil prices rose.
37 of 94
Hurricane Katrina responses...
51.8 billion allocated by federal gov. Public donated 1.8 billion to US RedCross.
38 of 94
Haiti earthquake magnitude...
7
39 of 94
Haiti plate boundary...
Conservative- Caribbean moves past North American plate.
40 of 94
Haiti earthquake impacts...
>3 million affected. >220000 dead. >Presidential palace and UN HQ destroyed. >Airport damaged.
41 of 94
Haiti earthquake responses...
>Temporary field hospitals.>GIS provided satellite and maps.>Dominican Republic provided water. >Iceland sent aid kits.
42 of 94
When was typhoon Haiyan?
2013.
43 of 94
Typhoon Haiyan category...
5
44 of 94
Typhoon Haiyan causes...
>An area of low pressure in the Western Pacific Ocean. >It travelled Westward to Tacloban.
45 of 94
Typhoon Haiyan responses...
UK sent 2 navy ships supplying 200000 tonnes of aid. World vision used GIS to send aid to 713000 people.
46 of 94
Typhoon Haiyan impacts...
>6000 dead >1000 missing. >2 million homeless. >total cost = 2.9 billion.
47 of 94
When was the Mt. Pinatub eruption?
1991
48 of 94
When was the Monseratt Eruption?
1995
49 of 94
In what conditions do tropical storms develop?
>Warmer waters over 25 degrees. >Low pressure conditions with rising air. >5-30 degrees either side of the equator. >late summer. >converging air masses.
50 of 94
How can we predict earthquakes?
>Laser beams- plate movement. >Seismometer- microquakes. >radon gas- released suddenly. >Magnetic changes in rocks.
51 of 94
What does the moment magnitude scale measure?
The size of earthquakes in terms of energy released.
52 of 94
Which volcanoes form at destructive plate boundaries?
Composite volcanoes Eg. Mt St Helen's.
53 of 94
What is the asthenosphere?
The upper layer of the earths mantle where convection occurs.
54 of 94
What is slab pull?
Following subduction, the lithosphere sinks into the mantle under its own weight, helping to pull the rest of the plate with it.
55 of 94
How has the number of natural disasters per year changed since 1930?
The number reported has risen from 20 to over 500 a year.
56 of 94
What is SLOSH?
A method of predicting hurricane surges by linking to GIS.
57 of 94
How do tropical storms lead to storm surges?
High speed winds, warmer water and low pressure generate high tides and large waves.
58 of 94
Where do cyclones form?
Indian Ocean, Pacific ocean and North Australia.
59 of 94
What is the coriolis effect?
The earth rotates faster at the equator because the earth is under there. In the Northern hemisphere, it spins anti clockwise due to high pressure systems.
60 of 94
How are hurricanes formed?
A tropical disturbance. Winds move east to west to coriolis effect. It moves under warm water with low pressure. It gains energy and spins.
61 of 94
What hazards were caused by the Pinatubo eruption?
Lahars, landslides, the Luzon earthquake, pyroclastic flows, ash deposits.
62 of 94
When did typhoon Yunya hit the Philippines?
June 1991
63 of 94
What is a ground fire?
Fires beneath the ground in layers of peat.
64 of 94
What is the ladder effect?
The spreading of fire from the ground to the canopy.
65 of 94
Where are wildfires most likely to be occur?
At a rural, urban interface eg. National Parks.
66 of 94
What percentage of wildfires are caused by people?
90%
67 of 94
What is retrafitting?
Redesigning buildings.
68 of 94
Which volcanoes form at constructive plate boundaries?
Shield volcanoes.
69 of 94
What is tephra?
Volcanic bombs, blocks and ash which can be thrown extremely far.
70 of 94
What are the main storm hazards?
High winds, storm surges, coastal flooding, river flooding, landslides.
71 of 94
What hazards do shield volcanoes cause?
Lava flows.
72 of 94
What hazards to composite volcanoes cause?
Pyroclastic flow.
73 of 94
What is fatalism?
The view outcomes of hazards are beyond our control.
74 of 94
What is risk sharing as a human response to a hazard?
Government or other companies offer insurance against impact of hazards.
75 of 94
What are the primary impacts of Pinatubo eruption?
>800 died. >8000 houses destroyed. >damage costs billions to repair. >schools destroyed.
76 of 94
What was the magnitude of the Pinatubo eruption?
7.7
77 of 94
Which plate boundary is the Phillipines located on?
The Philippine plate- The Eurasian and Pacific plate re being subducted.
78 of 94
What were the long term responses to the Black Saturday wildfires?
>Evacuation. >465 million in aid from the Australian gov. >Changes to building codes must with stand 820 degrees.
79 of 94
What is FEMA?
Federal Emergency Management Agency.
80 of 94
What caused the 19995 Monseratt eruption?
>Destructive boundary= subduction zone. >Island is of many lava zones. >South American plate sub ducts beneath the Caribbean plate.
81 of 94
What are hot spots?
Where the magma rises through a plume and burns through the crust.
82 of 94
What were the religious responses to the Popocatepetl eruption?
Church bells rang and prayers were made to cal the volcano.
83 of 94
What hazards are formed at a constructive margin?
>Shield volcanoes.
84 of 94
What caused the 2011 Japan earthquake?
The Pacific plate subducts under the Eurasian plate until the stress is suddenly released. A thin layer of clay allowed this.
85 of 94
How many died after the 2011 Japan Earthquake?
15,981
86 of 94
How big was the Japan 2011 Tsunami?
217 square miles.
87 of 94
Short term responses to Japan Earthquake...
>91 countries offer aid. >Exclusion zone around power plant. >100000 soldiers to search and rescue. >Shelters.
88 of 94
What were the long term responses to the Japan earthquake?
>Sea walls and flood gates built. >Seismic resistant buildings. >Companies like microsoft give donations. >Early warning system launched.
89 of 94
Secondary effects of black Saturday wildfires...
>1.2 billion insurance claims. >Mental health issues. >Properties sold and moved. >60,000 without electricity.
90 of 94
Primary impacts of black Saturday wildfires...
>173 died. >cost 4.4 billion. >3500 buildings destroyed. >12 government buildings destroyed.
91 of 94
Short term responses to black Saturday Wilfires...
>4000 firefighters. >back burning eliminated fuel. >Some warnings sent. >International and community aid.
92 of 94
How can we predict volcanic eruptions?
>tiltometer/GPS-ground movement. >Spectrometer-volcanic gases. >seismometer-small earthquakes. >Infra sound-Pressure variations.-
93 of 94
What is ridge push?
The high elevation at a mid ocean ridge causes gravity to push the lithosphere that is further from the ridge.
94 of 94

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Give an example of a multi-hazardous enviroment

Back

The Phillipines

Card 3

Front

Why is the Philippines a multi-hazardous environment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where tropical storms form?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the magnitude of the 2011 Japan Earthquake?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Geography resources:

See all Geography resources »See all Natural hazards resources »