Halogens

Structure of Halogens

Simple Molecular, exist as diatomic molecules

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Melting/boiling point trend down the group?

Melting/boiling point increases

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Solubility?

Only soluble in non-polar solvents eg. hexane

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Flourine appearance at rm temp

Very pale yellow gas

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Chlorine appearance at room temp?

Pale green gas

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Iodine appearance at room temp?

Deep, purple-black crystals

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Bromine appearance at room temp?

Orange/Brown liquid

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What intermolecular forces exist between halogen molecules?

Induced instantaneous dipole

8 of 22

Explain the trend in boiling temperature down the group

More electrons-->more stronger london forces--> more energy required to overcome these forces --> increased bp

9 of 22

What happens to the halogens oxidising ability down the group?

The oxidising ability decreases

10 of 22

Explain the trend in electron affinity down the group

Despite nuclear charge increasing, shielding and the distance between the electrons and the nucleus increases--> therefore, the attraction would decrease and would be less exothermic as you go down the group

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Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract an electron

12 of 22

What is the trend in electronegativity down the group

Despite nuclear charge increasing, shielding and the distance between the electrons and the nucleus increases--> therefore, the attraction would decrease and electronegativity decreases

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Colour of chlorine in aqueous solution and cyclohexane

Pale Green

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Colour of chlorine in aqueous solution and cyclohexane

Orange

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Colour of iodine in aqueous solution and cyclohexane

Brown and violet

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Chlorine and cold water

H20+Cl2--> HCl + HClO
(disproportionation and used for sterilising drinking water)

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Chlorine with cold sodium hydroxide solution

Cl2 + 2NaOH --> NaCl + NaClO + H2O
(Disproportionation and household bleach)

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Chlorine and hot sodium hydroxide solution

3Cl2 + 6NaOH --> 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

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Halide Salts with sulphuric acid

Shows how good the halide ion is at reducing S in H2SO4

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Cl-, Br-, I- and aqueous silver nitrate solution and aqueous ammonia solution

White, Cream, Yellow

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Down the group what happens to the oxidising power and reducing power of halogens and halides?

Oxidising power of halogens decreases
Reducing power of the halide ions increases

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Halogens

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