Gloalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights and State Crime

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Why do Held et al argue there has been a globalisation of crime?
The increasing interconnectedness of crime across boarders and the spread of transnational organised crime
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What does Castells' study global crime show?
The drugs trade is worth $300-400 billion annually at street prices. Money laundering is estimated at $1.5 trillion annually. The global criminal economy is worth $1 trillion
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According to Taylor, how has global crime led to greater inequality?
Transnational corporations can switch manufacturing to low wage countries to gain higher profits, increasing job insecurity. Deregulation means governments have little control over their own economics and state spending on welfare has declined
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How is Taylor criticised?
He doesn't explain why many of the poor population don't turn to crime
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According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how is the organisation of crime linked to globalisation?
Individuals act as a 'hub' around which a loose-knit network forms, often linking illegitimate and legitimate activities. This is different from the 'Mafia style' criminal organisations of the past.
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What is a glocal system?
Locally based crime with global connections
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What did Glenny find in his examination of McMafia organisations in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of communism?
The Russian governement destroyed much of the economy, leading to rises in food and rent. Commodity items were kept at Soviet prices and those with access to large funds could buy these cheaply and sell them on the world market.
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According to Beck, why are most threats to the eco-system now human made?
The increase in technology has created new 'manufactured risks' which involve harm to the environment. These risks are on a global scale so late modernity is a 'global risk society'
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What is the difference betwen traditional and green criminology?
Traditional only studies the paterns and causes of law breaking crime. Green starts from the notion of harm rather than the criminal law as many of the worst environmental harms are not illegal
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What is green criminology an example of?
Transgressive criminology
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Give a criticism of green criminology
It makes subjective value judgements about what actions ought to be regarded as wrong
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What are the two views of harm?
Nation states apply an anthropcentric view of environmental harm while green criminology takes an ecocentric view that sees humans and their environment as interdependent
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What is the difference between primary and secondary crime?
Primary crime results directly from the destruction and degradation of Earth's resources. Secondary green crimes invovle the flouting of rules aimed at preventing/regulating environmental disasters
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Why is toxic waste dumping a problem?
Legal disposal of toxic waste is expensive so businesses may dispose of it by using eco-mafias. Illegal waste is often global since less developed countries lack the necessary legitslation and dumping is not illegal
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What are Green and Ward's four categories of state crime?
Economic, political, social and crimes by security and police forces
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Why is state crime concealed?
The state has emense power which allows it to commit large-scale crimes with widespread victimisation and it can avoid defining its own harmful actions as criminal.
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Outline the 'Genocide in Rwanda' case study
The minority Tutsi were used to rule over the Hutu majorty. After elections, Hutu was brought to power. Economic and political crisises led to a civil war in the 90s and 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered by state-backed Hutu militia
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How do Kramer and Michalowski distinguish state-initiated corporate crime and state-faciliated crime?
State-initiated crime is when states approve corporate crime such as the space shuttle diaster. State-faciliated crime is where states fail to control corporate behaviour such as the Deepwater Horizon
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How does Chambliss define domestic law?
Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officals in pursuit of their jobs as state representatives
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How does Michalowski define social harms and zemiology?
Both illegal acts and acts whose consequences are similar of those of illegal acts in the harm they cause
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How do Rothe and Mullins define international law?
Any action by or on behalf of a state that violates international law and/or a states own domestic law
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How do Herman and Schwebdubger think crime should be defined?
In terms of the violation of basic human rights
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According to Cohen, how do states conceal and legitimate their human rights abuses?
Dictatorships deny committing human rights abuses. Democratic states follow a three stage spiral of denial. Neutralisation theory: denial of victims, injury or responsibility and appealing to high loyalties
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How do Adorno et al explain state crime?
An authoritarian personality is willing to obey orders without question. Many Germans had authoritarian personality types due to the disciplinarian socialisation
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How do Green and Ward explain state crime?
Crimes of obedeince involve obeying high authority as part of a role into which individuals are socialised. Torturers are often socialised through propaganda about the enemy
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Which four feature of modern society made the holocaust possible, according to Bauman?
A division of labour, bureaucraticastion, instrumental rationality and science and technology
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does Castells' study global crime show?

Back

The drugs trade is worth $300-400 billion annually at street prices. Money laundering is estimated at $1.5 trillion annually. The global criminal economy is worth $1 trillion

Card 3

Front

According to Taylor, how has global crime led to greater inequality?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How is Taylor criticised?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how is the organisation of crime linked to globalisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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