Genetics

?
what is an allele?
a different version of the same gene (e.g. for blue, brown, green eye colour)
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what is a phenotype and genotype?
genotype- a persons combination of genes
phenotype- the result of the genotype/ observable characteristic (e.g. blue eyes)
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what does dominant mean?
there only needs to be one of these alleles for it to become the phenotype
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what does recessive mean?
you need two of the same allele for it to become the phenotype
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what type of condition is cystic fibrosis?
recessive (both parents must pass on the gene) often people can be carriers without realising
(thicker, stickier mucus is produced)
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what type of condition is polydactyly?
dominant (only one allele is needed for the person to have it) meaning people can't be carriers
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what does homozygous mean?
two of the same allele
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what is the name for when there are two different alleles?
heterozygous
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what structure does DNA have?
-a polymer made of nucleotide (monomers)
- 3D double helix
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what 3 things make up a nucleotide?
-deoxyribose sugar
-phosphate
-base
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how many different amino acids are there?
20
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how many chromosomes does a human have?
23 pairs (46)
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what codes for an amino acid?
3 bases
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what is a codon?
a group of 3 bases (triplet)
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what are the 4 bases and which ones join together?
-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine
A with T/ C with G
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what is transcription?
mRNA is made using a template strand of DNA
(1st stage of protein synthesis)
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why is mRNA produced?
because DNA's double helix is too big to leave the nucleus and go to the ribosome
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what is translation?
the process of turning the coded message in the mRNA into the final protein chain
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what is tRNA?
transfer RNA (a carrier molecule)
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what does tRNA have that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA?
anticodon
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once all the amino acids are bonded together what is formed?
a polypeptide
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when a protein chain is complete what is the last step?
it folds up to form a unique shape
(enabling it to do its job)
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what is an example of what proteins are used for?
-enzymes
-hormones
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what do coding and non-coding parts of DNA do?
coding- make proteins
non-coding-switch genes on and off
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what is a genome?
the entire genetic material of an organism
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what are the benefits of exploring and understanding the human genome?
-search for genes that are linked to a disease (e.g. genes that increase the risk of developing cancer/ Alzheimer's)
-helps us understand and treat inherited disorders (cystic fibrosis)
-trace human migration patterns from the past (discover our ancestry)
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Card 2

Front

what is a phenotype and genotype?

Back

genotype- a persons combination of genes
phenotype- the result of the genotype/ observable characteristic (e.g. blue eyes)

Card 3

Front

what does dominant mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what does recessive mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what type of condition is cystic fibrosis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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