Gender differences in achievement

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  • Created by: Mol
  • Created on: 24-03-21 11:54
What are external factors?
factors outside the education system eg home
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What are internal factors?
factors within schools and the education system
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What is the impact of feminism?
although full equality has not yet been achieved the feminism movement has made considerable success in improving women's rights
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What major are the changes in the family?
increase in divorce rate,
increasing in cohabitation,
decrease in the no. of 1st marriages,
increase o the lone-parent families,
smaller families
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What was Angela McRobbie's study on
girls magazines in the 1970s
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What did McRobbie find about the
impact of feminism
in 1970s girls emphasized the importance of getting married and not getting 'left on the shelf', nowadays they contain images of assertive, independent women
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What changes in women's employment has there been?
1970 equal pay act
1975 sex discrimination act,
since 1975 pay gap between men and women has halved,
proportion of women in employment has risen : 53% in 1971 - 67% in 2013
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What did Sue Sharpe's study show about
girls changing ambitions
interviews in 1974 found girls ambition were low, educational success was unfeminine, priorities were: love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers
1990s the priorities were: careers and being able to support themselves - less dependent on their h
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What did O'Connor study find about
girls changing ambitions
study of 14-17 year olds found that marriage were not a major part of their life plans
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What did Beck and Beck-Gernshiem link to this trend about girls changing ambitions
individualization in modern society, where independence is valued much more strongly than in the past
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What did Carol Fuller's study find about
girls changing ambitions
for many girls in her study, educational success was a central aspect of their identity
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What does Diane Reay argue?
this reflects the reality of the girls' class - their limited aspirations reflect the limited job opportunities the perceived as being avaliable to them
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What did Biggart find?
he found that wc girls are more likely o face a precarious position in the labour market and se the only viable option as motherhood for their future
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What equal opportunities policies are there?
GIST ( girls in science),
WISE ( women into science an engineering), introduction of a national curriculum
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What did Jo Boaler believe about girls achievement?
she sees the impact of equal opportunity policies as a key reason for the change in girls achievement
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How did positive role models help girls?
having women in senior posts gives girls role models and allows them to aspire to get a position of importance
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What did Stephen Gorard find about
GCSE + coursework
the gender gap in achievement was fairly constant from 1975 until 1989, when it increased sharply - this year GCSE’s were introduced
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What did Stephen Gorard concluded about
GCSE + coursework
the gender gap is a ‘product of the changed system of assessment rather than any more general failing of boys
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What did Eirene Mitsos and Ken Browne conclude?
girls are more successful in coursework because they are more conscientious and better organised than boys
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What do girls do better than boy in
GCSES + coursework
spend more time on work
take more care with presentation
better at meeting deadlines
bring the right equipment and materials
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What does Jannette Elwood argue about
GCSE + coursework
although coursework has some influence, but its unlikely that is the only reason for the gender gap as exams have more influence
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What did Jane and Peter French find about
Teacher attention
boys receive more attention because they attracted more reprimands
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What did Becky Francis find about
Teacher attention
while boys get more attention, disciplined more harshly and felt picked on by teachers, who tended to have lower expectations of them
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What did Swann find about
Teacher attention
boys dominate the whole class discussion
girls prefer pair/group work
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How are schools challenging stereotypes in the curriculum?
*removal of stereotypes from textbooks
*reading schemes and other learning material
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What does Gabby Weiner argue about the curriculum
since 1980s teachers have challenged stereotypes
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What have marketisation policies created?
a more competitive climate in which schools see girls as more desirable as they tend to achieve better
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What does David Jackson note about
Selection / league tables
the intro of league tables have improved opportunities for girls
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What does Roger Slee argue about
selection/league tables
boys are less attractive to schools as they are more likely to suffer from behavioural difficulties, they are 4x more likely to be excluded
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What do Liberal Feminists think about girls achievement?
celebrate the progress made so far, believe further progress will be made by the continuing development of equal opportunity policies
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What do Radical Feminists think about girls achievement?
recognise girls are achieving more, emphasise that the system remains patriarchal: still sexual harassment of girls in school, education limits girls subject and career choices
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What does Weiner say about the curriculum
describes the secondary history curriculum as a ‘women -free zone’
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What is symbolic capital?
refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth that we are able to obtain from others
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What is the hyper-heterosexual feminine identity?
girls invested considerable time, effort and money in constructing ‘desirable’ and ‘glamorous’ identities
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What does the hyper-heterosexual feminine identity lead to?
girls get into conflict with the school and get into trouble
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What is symbolic violence?
its the harm done by denying someone symbolic capital
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How do boyfriends affect girls achievement?
girls lost interest in going to uni or doing ‘masculine’ subjects, they aspired to ‘settle down’, have children and work locally
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How does being loud affect girls achievement?
some girls are outspoken, independent and assertive, this goes against the ideal pupil and teacher interpret their behaviour as aggressive rather assertive
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What is the working class dilemma?
*gaining symbolic capital from peers
*gaining education capital and conforming with school rules
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What was Sarah Evans study?
successful wc girls
she studied 21 wc sixth form girls in a south London comprehensive school
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What did Evans find?
successful wc girls
girls want to go to uni to increase their earning power, but to help their families
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What does Skeggs note about
successful wc girls
‘caring’ is a crucial part of this identity
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What does Archer show about
successful wc girls
a preference for locality is a key feature of wc habitus
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What does the DCSF say about
boys + literacy
gender gap is mainly as a result of boys’ poorer literacy and language skills
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What might be reasons for the gap in
boys literacy
*parents spend less time reading to their sons
*mothers do most of the reading, so it may be seen as a feminine activity
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What do Mitsos and Browne claim about
globalisation/ decline of traditional men’s jobs
the decline in male employment opportunities has led to an ‘identity crisis’
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What does Tony Sewell claim about
feminisation of education
reported as claiming that boys fall behind as education has become ‘feminised’
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What is Sewell’s view on coursework?
major cause of gender gap in achievement
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What did Yougov find about primary teachers
*14% of primary teachers are male
*39% of 8-11 boys have no lessons with a male teacher
*42% said having a male teacher made them work harder
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What did Becky Francis find about teachers
2/3s of 7-8 year olds believed the gender of teachers doesn’t matter
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What was Barbara Reed’s study find?
*disciplinarian discourse
*liberal discourse
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what is Reed's disciplinarian discourse?
teachers authority is made explicit and visible
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what is Reed's liberal discourse?
teachers authority is implicit and invisible
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What did Read conclude?
*most teachers use the masculine disciplinarian discourse
*female teachers were just as likely to use a masculine discourse
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What did Debbie Epstein find about
laddish subcultures
wc boys are likely to be harassed, labelled as sissies and subject to homophobic verbal abuse if they appear to be ‘swots’
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What did Francis find about
laddish subculture
boys were more concerned about being labelled by peers as swots as this label is more of a threat to their masculinity
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What does Jessica Ringrose argue about the
moral panic about boys
moral panic has caused a major shift in educational policy, which is now preoccupied in raising boys achievement
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What negative shift has educational policy caused about the moral panic about boys
*by narrowing equal opportunity policy down simply to ‘failing boys’ ignores the problem of other disadvantaged pupil
*narrowing gender policy down solely to the issue of achievement gaps ignores other problems faced by girls
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What does Audrey Osler note about the
moral panic about boys
focus on underachieving boys has led to the neglect of girls
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What does Tracey McVeigh note about
gender, class, ethnicity
the similarities in girls and boys achievement are far greater than the differences compared with class or ethnicity
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What does Connolly suggest about
gender, class, ethnicity
certain combinations of gender, class and ethnicity have more effect than others
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What does Fiona Norman note about
gender role socialisation
from an early age boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys and encouraged to take part in different activities
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What does Eileen Bryne show about
gender role socialisation
teachers encourage boys to be tough and show initiative and girls are expected to be quiet, helpful, clean and tidy
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What did Murphy and Elwood find about reading tastes?
reading certain types of books leads to different subject choice
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Card 2

Front

What are internal factors?

Back

factors within schools and the education system

Card 3

Front

What is the impact of feminism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What major are the changes in the family?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was Angela McRobbie's study on

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