Gender and Crime

?
Women
5 theories
1 of 79
Who puts forward the 'Chivalry thesis'?
Pollak (1950)
2 of 79
Give 3 examples of the criminal justice system being biased in favor of women
less likely to be charged, convicted or published
3 of 79
What does Pollak argue about official statistics?
they are highly misleading and under-estimate the amount of female crime
4 of 79
Self-report studies
anonymous questionaries
5 of 79
What stat did Flood-Page et al (2000) find?
1:11 female self-reported offenders cautioned or prosecuted. 1:7 male self-reported offenders cautioned or prosecuted
6 of 79
Official statistics
....
7 of 79
What is the stat about bail (family may be a reason)?
females are more likely to be released on bail rather than remained in custody
8 of 79
What are females more likely to receive than prison?
females are more likely to receive a fine or be given community service
9 of 79
how many female shoplifters and then how many male shoplifters receive a prison sentence? 1 in
1 in 9 female and 1 in 5 male
10 of 79
However, what did Box (1981) find?
reviewed UK and US self-report studies and found no evidence that women receive more favorable treatment from the police and courts
11 of 79
who found female officers have a more censorious (not sympathetic) attitude than their male counterparts towards female offenders?
Worral
12 of 79
What did the Youth lifestyles survey (2009) support?
the claim there women are less likely to be involved in crime
13 of 79
However, who argues against Box claiming that white women are less likely to be given custodial sentences than men and black women in similar situations?
Hood
14 of 79
Who puts forward the control theory?
Heidensohn (1985) (feminist explanation)
15 of 79
What is the control theory essence?
women commit less crime then men due to patriarchal societies
16 of 79
ways women are controlled through reducing the amount of crime they commit
home, public, work
17 of 79
Explain why control of women at work makes them commit less crime
They have less opportunity to commit crime due to having the housewife and mother role
18 of 79
Explain why control of women in public makes them commit less crime?
women controlled by men's violence and have to have a 'good' reputation and the 'ideology of separate spheres'
19 of 79
provide an example
dress
20 of 79
Explain control of women at work
men are usually higher up in the hierarchy at work so control women and may partake in sexual harassment at work
21 of 79
However, what are Heidensogns arguments based on?
generalizations, some do not apply to all men
22 of 79
What does Heidensohn ignore?
the importance if free will in choosing to offend
23 of 79
Functionalist sex role theory
Parsons (1955) - the nuclear family
24 of 79
Why are women responsible for socialization? (parsons nuclear family roles )
they have the expressive role
25 of 79
Why does Parson believe this is beneficial for girls but not boys?
Gives girls an adult role model but boys reject these feminine models of behavior
26 of 79
As a result, what do boys engage in and provide examples?
'compensatory compulsory masculinity' (risk-taking, aggression, and anti-social behavior)
27 of 79
Why are men not as much as adult role models?
because they have the expressive role so are never at home
28 of 79
What dies Cohen (1955) claim about the absence of a male role model?
means boys are more likely to turn to crime than girls because and join things like male street gangs for male identity
29 of 79
Who would also agree with this?
Right Realists
30 of 79
However, how does Walklate (2003) criticize Parson?
Parsosn assumes women are between suited to the expressive rile due to biological assumptions that women bear children
31 of 79
Women, crime, and poverty
Carlen (1988)
32 of 79
How many unstructured interviews in prisons did Carlen do?
39
33 of 79
What 2 deals does Caren argue women make?
The class and gender deal
34 of 79
What is the class deal?
women receive material rewards which stem from employment
35 of 79
What is the gender deal?
women receive both emotional and, material rewards from partners' income and love
36 of 79
How does the class and gender deal mean women commit less crime?
results in their behavior being controlled
37 of 79
name factors that encourage deviance
drug addictions, brought up in care, poverty and quest for excitement
38 of 79
However, why can't we generalise from Carlen's study ?
small scale with only 39 unstructured interviews
39 of 79
Nevertheless, what does the study rightly demonstrate?
that if rewards are not on offer, women will turn to crime
40 of 79
Liberation thesis
Adler (1975)
41 of 79
what does Adler believe women's liberation had led to?
a new type of female crime
42 of 79
What does Adler reject?
biological theories
43 of 79
In the USA what type of crime is there a rapid increase of women committing?
crimes that are 'male'
44 of 79
Why is this?
because women now take on male social roles in both legitimate and illegitimate means
45 of 79
What studied girl gangs and found females engaged in risk-taking behavior and wanting to look 'hard'?
Denscombe (2001)
46 of 79
However, when did the female crime rate begin rising?
1950's
47 of 79
When was female liberation begin?
1960's
48 of 79
What does Heidensohn (2002) point out?
most female criminals are W/C who are less likely to be touched by liberation
49 of 79
Masculinities and crime
...
50 of 79
Hegemonic value system - and spell it out,
Isabelle
Messerschmidt (1993)
51 of 79
Who is socialized into the hegemonic masculine value system?
boys in the UK
52 of 79
The masculine goals that need to be achieved to be a 'real man
.....
53 of 79
What is the first masculine goal?
Need to acquire respect off other men to maintain
54 of 79
What is the second masculine goal?
Having power, authority, and control over others
55 of 79
What is the 3rd masculine goal?
The objections of women and the celebration of this through promiscuity eg. sleeping around
56 of 79
What is the 4th masculine goal?
Thoughagressions, confrontation, and force
57 of 79
What is the 5th masculine goal?
Being emotionally hard and not expressing
58 of 79
What is the 6th masculine goal?
seeking pleasure, thrills and excitement to relieve the boredom of work and unemployment
59 of 79
However, what does Jefferson (1997) fail to
explain?
why particular indivu=duals commit particular types of crime and not others
60 of 79
What type of men does the hegemonic value system ignore?
Men who commit politically motivated crimes men who reject the idea that being a real man involves controlling women
61 of 79
What does Messerschmidt overuse to explain crime?
the concept of 'masulinity'
62 of 79
Lack of Employment opportunity and Body capital
Winlow (2003)
63 of 79
Where did he change to study the changing nature of masculinity in the 1980s?
Sutherland
64 of 79
What was ongoing in Sutherland at this time?
onset of mass unemployment
65 of 79
What did young men commonly experience long-term unemployment increase?
The value of violence
66 of 79
Why?
it was a realease from boredom and access to status
67 of 79
Consequently, what became more important and why?
Gangs as they could provide thrills, protection, and income to buy designer clothes, drugs, and Alcohol
68 of 79
What does Winlow now think criminality is?
an entrepreneurial concern (a means of money making)
69 of 79
Provide a illegitimate ways crime and violence have now become careers
through drug dealing, protection rackets, loan sharking etc
70 of 79
Provide legitimate ways crime and violence have now become careers
by being a bouncer or security consultant
71 of 79
However, why is Winlows study low in representativeness?
the research was only conducted in Sunderland
72 of 79
Additionally what is there along with the expression of masculinity?
alternative reasons for male crime
73 of 79
Postmodernist studies of masculinity and crime
...
74 of 79
What does Katz(1993) argue about young males committing crimes?
young males commit crimes for the pleasure/ thrill or for having power over other
75 of 79
Who argues crime is an 'edgework'?
Lyng
76 of 79
What does lyng mean by this?
between the thrill of getting caught and the uncertainty of getting caught
77 of 79
Thus, what is a crime?
a form of gambling
78 of 79
How does it achieve hegemonic masculinity?
allows young unemployed men to have control over their lives
79 of 79

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who puts forward the 'Chivalry thesis'?

Back

Pollak (1950)

Card 3

Front

Give 3 examples of the criminal justice system being biased in favor of women

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does Pollak argue about official statistics?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Self-report studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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