GCSE Psychology Paper 1

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What is episodic memory?
Our memory of past events e.g. your 10th birthday
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What is procedural memory?
Our memory of how to do things (muscle memory) e.g. how to walk
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What is semantic memory?
Our memories of information e.g. the african elephant lives in africa
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What is the primacy and recency effect?
Primary effect: when you remember the first few words in a list
Recency effect: when you remember the last few words in a list
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What method did Murdock follow in his study?
- Chose words from 4000 most common words in the English language
- Gave participants word lists between 10-40 words long
- 103 psychology students took part
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What results and conclusions did Murdock drew from his study?
- He drew up a graph for each length of word list and found the same result
- most of the first and last few words were frequently recalled
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What can you evaluate from Murdocks study?
- Strength: conducted in a very controlled enviroment
- Weakness: using lists only represents a small part in what we do with our memories
- Strength: other research supports Murdocks findings
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What are the ideals of reconstructive memory?
That our memory is broken down into the most important parts and when we recall, we put them back together that makes sense to us
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What did the theory of reconstructive memory propose?
- Memory is inaccurate
- Memory is influenced by social and culture
-Effort after meaning
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What does the term 'effort after meaning' mean?
- We focus on the meaning of the events
- We then make an effort to interpret the meaning so it is more familiar to us
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What are the 3 evaluations of the theory of reconstructive memory?
- Strength: Bartletts way of investigating memory reflects how we do it in everyday life (Bartlett supports his theory by his study)
- Weakness: it is wrong to suggest that memory is inaccurate
- Strength: explains problems in eye-witness testimonys
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What is the accuracy on memory in inteference?
Memories can clash with eachother leading to one being forgotten
- Proactive: when a new memory clashes with an old memory
- Retroactive: when an old memory clashes with a new memory
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What is the accuracy of memory in context?
- Where we are can trigger memories to be recalled
- It can enhance the accuracy of memory
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What is the accuracy of memory in false memories?
- Where memories are recalled differently to what actually happend
- decreases the accuracy of memory
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What are the 4 monocular depth cues?
- Height in plane: how far something is up the page
- Relative size: how big something is
- Occlusion: whether an object is covered by another object
- Linear perspective: when two walls converge into eachother
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What are the 2 binocular depth cues?
- Retinal disparity: each eye gets a different view due to them being about 6cm apart
- Convergence: when something comes closer causing our eyes to converge
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What does Gregorys theory suggest?
Our perception is built from our past experiences
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What are the 3 evaluations for Gregorys theory?
- Strength: theres support from other studies
- Weakness: supported by our understanding of visual illusions
- Weakness: cannot explain how perception started in the first place
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What method did Gilchrist and Nesberg follow in their motivation study?
- One group were deprived of food for 20h and the other not
- The participants were shown pictures of foods
- Participants were then asked to adjust the brightness of the same picture to the picture they just saw
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What results did Gilchrist and Nesberg find?
- The group who had been deprived of food had averagly put the brightness higher than the original
- The group who hadn't been deprived of food averagly put the brightness lower than the original
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What evaluations can be drawn from Gilchrist and Nesberg's study?
- Strength: similar studies have found similar results
- Weakness: depriving people of food might not be ethical
- Weakness: aspects of the study are not like every day life
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What method did Bruner and Minturn follow in their perception study?
- Two groups were shown either a series of numbers or a series of letters
- Then shown an ambigous image where you can either see a series of numbers of letters
- The participants were tested on which they saw first. a B or 13
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What results did Bruner and Minturn find?
- The group who saw the series of number most saw '13'
- The group who saw the series of letters most saw 'B'
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What evaluations can be drawn from Bruner and Minturn's study?
- Weakness: artifical task
- Weakness: independant group design
- Strength: real-world application
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Whats a hypothesis?
An idea that we can test
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What are the 3 variables and what do they mean?
- Independant: what we change to give our results
- Dependant: what we are measuring
- Control: what we keep the same for a fair test
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Whats an extraneous vairable?
- Vairables that we cant control
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What are the 3 types of laboratory experiments?
- Labortory
- Field
- Natural
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a labortory experiment?
- Advantage: more control over EV's
- Disadvantage: less viable results due to chance of participants acting differently
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a field experiment?
- Advantage: more realistic
Disadvantage: may lose control over EV's
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a natural experiment?
- Advantage: high validity
-Disadvantage: there may be unique characteristics of the participants
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What are the 3 experimental designs?
- Independent groups
- Repeated measures
- Matched pairs
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How are independent groups done?
- Two separate groups
- Usually theres a control group
- Each group sit through different IV's
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of independent groups?
- Advantage: order effects doesnt cause a problem
- Disadvantage: the participants in each group may differ
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How are repeated measures done?
- One group of participants
- That one group goes through each different IV
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of repeated measures?
- Advantage: removes the problems of different participants
- Disadvantage: order of effects is very strong as participants may act differently in one trial compared to another
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How are matched pairs done?
- Time is taken to match participants
- Then each pair of participants is seperated
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of matched pairs?
- Advantage: deals with both problems with participants and order effects
- Disadvantage: Matching pairs takes time
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What are the 4 sampling methods?
- Random sampling
- Oppertunity sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified sampling
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How is it done and what are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling?
- chose target population and choose random people
- Advantage: there is no bias
- Disadvantage: can take more time and effort
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How is it done and what are the advantages and disadvantages of oppertunity sampling?
- researcher chooses people who are there at the time
- Advantage: it is quick and efficient
- Disadvantage:
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How is it done and what are the advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling?
- choosing a person for every other person e.g. one every 3 people
- Advantage: no reasercher bias
- Disadvantage: it still might be biased as you might end up with all men or all women
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How is it done and what are the advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling
- a group of people are defined into different catagories and then the participants needed is chosen and they choose them according to how many total
- Advantage: most representive method
-Disadvantage: very lengthly process
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What are the 5 ethical issues when conducting a study?
- Informed consent
- Deception
- Protection from harm (physical and metal)
- Privacy
- Confidentiality
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What are the 3 types of interviews and what do they mean?
- Structured: set questions
- Unstructured: no set questions
- Semi-structured: some set questions
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What are the 3 type of observation studies?
- Naturalistic vs controlled
- Covert vs overt
- Participant vs non-participant
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What is the difference between naturalistic and controlled?
- Naturalistic: observed in a natural setting
- Controlled: observed in a lab setting
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Whats the difference between covert and overt?
- Covert: where participants are unaware their behaviour is being recorded
- Overt: where participants are aware their behaiour is being recorded
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Whats the difference between participant and non-participant?
- Participant: where the researcher is part of the experiment observing
- Non-participant: where the researcher is not part of the experiment observing
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What is interobserver reliability?
- Where observations are made by different researchers to reduce bias
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What are the advantage and disadvantage of an observational study?
- Advantage: provide better indication for behaviour
- Disadvantage: ethical issues of observing people without them knowing
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What are the 3 types of correlations?
- Positive
- Negative
- Zero
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What do case studies produce?
- Because they produce qualative data which its reliablility is ok but they are hard to replicate
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Whats the difference between quantative and qualative data?
- Quantative: high reliability as its more straight forward results
- Qualative: low reliability as its more open results that can be interpreted in different ways
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What is the function of the brain stem?
- Connects brain to spinal cord
- Controls some autonomic functions
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
- Controls coordination and movement
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What is the function of the Thalamus?
- Recieves signals and sends them to the right place in the brain
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What is the function of the Cortex?
- Sensory processing
- Motor processing
- Thinking (cognition)
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What are the roles of nature and nurture?
- Nature: things that happen to our bodies due to genetics and are uncontrollable
- Nurture: things that happen that is not nature that can be controlled
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How does smoking effect fetal development?
- Can slow development growth of the baby causing the bay to be small
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How does german measles effect fetal development?
- Brain damage
- Hearing loss
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How does voices effect development?
- Babies recognise their mothers voice as soon as their born
- If a baby was read a book when they were in the womb, they act in a way if that same book is read to them after birth
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What is Piaget's theory?
- The idea that there are stages of development
- suggested that information is stored in these things called schemas
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What are the two ways a schema can change?
- Assimilation: where an exsisting schema develops more to hold new similar information
- Accommodation: when there isn't a schema for information so a new one is created
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What 3 evaluations can be drawn from Piaget's theory?
- Strength: there is research done that supports the theory
- Strength: it can be applied to the real world
- Weakness: researched middle-class europeans (may not be universally appliable)
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What is conservation?
- quantatiy stays the same even when moved to a different place e.g. the same volume of liquid is poured into two different shaped glasses
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What method did Mcgarrigle and Donaldson follow in their naughty teddy study?
- 80 children
- Children were shown two rows of counters
- The 'naughty' teddy would either move one or leave it alone
- the researcher would then ask if there is more in one row or the other or if they are the same
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What results did Mcgarrigle and Donaldson find?
- about 41% of the children gave the right answer if the change was deliberate
- 68% of the children gave the right answer if the change was accidental
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What 3 evaluations can be drawn from Mcgarrigle and Donaldson study?
- Weakness: all the children came from the same school
- Weakness: might be higher on the accidental because they didnt realise a change had taken place
- Stength: challenges some of Piaget assumptions
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What is egocentrism?
- To see the world from different points of view e.g. putting yourself in anothers shoes
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What method did Hughes follow in his policeman doll study?
- Children aged 3 1/2 - 5
- A policeman doll would be looking into two of the boxes of this grid
- The child would then have to put the boy doll where the policeman doll cannot see it
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What results did Hughes find?
- 90% of children were able to sucessfully complete the task with two policeman dolls
- with more complex grids, 3-year olds struggled going down to 60% right
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What evaluations can be drawn from Hughes study?
- Strength: more realistic than Piaget study
- Weakness: the reasercher may have unconciously hinted to the correct answer
- Strength: challenges Piagets assumptions
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What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (focus on motor movements and touch)
- Pre-operational (some logical thinking)
- Concrete operational (logical thinking)
- Formal operational (formal reasoning)
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What are the 3 evaluations of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
- Weakness: underestimated childrens abilities
- Weakness: overestimated what older children can do
- Strength: evidence supports that children go through stages
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In application in education, what does Piaget's theory suggest about readiness?
- A child can't be taught to do a certain activity until they are 'biologically' ready
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In application in education, what does Piaget's theory suggest about learing by discovery?
- for true understanting to develop, the child must discover new things
- Teacher should plan activities that challenges the learner as they are interested
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In application in education, what does Piaget's theory suggest about individual learning?
- Each child goes through the same stages in the same order but at different rates
- Teacher should try and arrange same skill groups to do activities rather than whole class activities
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What are the 3 evaluations of application in education, Piaget's theory?
- Strength: had an enormous effect on UK education
- Weakness: stage-base approach suggests that practice should not improve performance but other reseach suggests otherwise
- Weakness: Piaget emphasis on learing by discovery may not be the best approach
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What is dwecks mindset theory?
- That there are different mindsets
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What are the 2 mindsets and what do they mean?
- Fixed mindset: believe that their intellegence is stuck with their genes. they feel god when doing well but give up on failiure
- Growth mindset: believe that you can always be that little bit better. they enjoy challenge and feel good when working hard
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What evaluations can be drawn about Dwek's mindset theory?
- Strength: research suggests that growth mindsets leads to better grades
- Weakness: praise may be damaging
- Strength: mindset theory can be applied in many different settings
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What are the positive and negative effects of praise?
- Positive: makes someone feel good and wanting to keep up that certain behaviours
- Negative: can be damaging as someone might not put as much effort as they are doing so well in it
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What is self-efficacy?
- Ones understanding of their own capabilities
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What are the 3 learning styles?
- Verbalisers
- Visualisers
- Kinaesthetic
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What is the 3 evaluations of learning styles?
- Strength: changes traditional teaching
- Weakness: no supporting evidence
- Weakness: too many different styles
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What does Willingham's learning theory suggest?
- Praise should be unexpecting and be focused on effort
- learn and recall is the best way of memorising things
- Self-regulation
- Some learning disorders have been linked to different areas of the brain
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What are the 3 evaluations of Willingham's theory?
- Strength: all concepts are drawn from research
- Strength: can be applied to the real world
- Weakness: diagnosis of the basis of brain difference may be difficult
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Card 2

Front

What is procedural memory?

Back

Our memory of how to do things (muscle memory) e.g. how to walk

Card 3

Front

What is semantic memory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the primacy and recency effect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What method did Murdock follow in his study?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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mugmaniac

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This is really good because it goes with the advanced information.

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