The bias or attitude speakers have towards the topic being discussed.
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Adjacency pairs
Where a person responds to an initial utterance in a directly related way, e.g. one person asks a question and another answers it. It must be related text split over two participants.
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Back-channelling
Verbal or non-verbal feedback to indicate the speaker is in agreement and listening, but not wishing to take over a turn.
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Backtracking
When a viewpoint is explicitly changed
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Closing conversation
Phatic utterances to indicate a conversation is coming to an end, e.g. 'Right then, it was lovely catching up'.
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Co-operative signals
Verbal or non-verbal cues to show cooperation between two participants.
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Deictics
Reference to objects around that can be seen, e.g. 'Can you see [those] chairs?'
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Feedback
Indications of agreement or disagreement with a point of view.
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Fillers
Sounds which maintain a person's turn but are otherwise semantically empty, e.g. 'I was [like] starving'.
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High considerateness/high involvement speakers
High considerateness is where a speaker is conscious and considerate of other speakers' right to a turn. High involvement speakers take more turns and speak for longer.
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Metamessages
The underlying, real message of a phrase. E.g. 'It's dark in here' = 'turn on the light'.
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Opening conversation: request, question, offer
Phatic talk to open a conversation, e.g. 'Hi, how are you?'
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Overlap (co-operative)
Where two people are talking at the same time, but it is a co-operative interruption.
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Pauses
Gaps in the conversation. Used for thinking time, to indicate the end of an utterance or as punctuation within an utterance.
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Phatic talk
Utterances which maintain relationships, but are semantically reasonably meaningless. E.g. 'Hi' or 'You all right?'.
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Rapport talk/report talk
Rapport talk is interactional and used simply to maintain relationships - e.g. joking around with friends. Report talk, on the other hand, is used to convey a message.
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Repetition
Repeating an utterance or part of an utterance for clarity or to suggest agreement.
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Simultaneous speech
When two speakers overlap.
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Tag questions
Micro questions used to emphasise a point. E.g. "it's a lovely day, [isn't it?]"
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Turn-taking
The negotiation of how one person hands over control of a conversation to another smoothly. This can be done with verbal (completion of a sentence, dropping of a tone, a question, etc.) or non-verbal (direct eye contact or other gestures) cues.
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Uncompleted sentence
Utterances which are grammatically incomplete. This is normal in speech.
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Utterance
A unit of speech. The utterance ends when the speaker gives their turn to someone else or to silence. DO NOT USE the words 'sentence' or 'paragraph' - they are meaningless in speech analysis.
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Utterance types
Statement (declaritive), question (interrogative), command (imperative) or exclamation.
Same as sentence functions
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Where a person responds to an initial utterance in a directly related way, e.g. one person asks a question and another answers it. It must be related text split over two participants.
Back
Adjacency pairs
Card 3
Front
Verbal or non-verbal feedback to indicate the speaker is in agreement and listening, but not wishing to take over a turn.
Back
Card 4
Front
When a viewpoint is explicitly changed
Back
Card 5
Front
Phatic utterances to indicate a conversation is coming to an end, e.g. 'Right then, it was lovely catching up'.
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