one in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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Substitution reaction
one in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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Electrophile
an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Curly arrow
a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of covalent bonds
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Functional group
part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
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Electronegativity
measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond
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Stem
longest carbon chain present in an organic molecule
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Suffix
part of the name added after the stem
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Redox reaction
one in which both reduction and oxidation take place
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Reflux
continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry
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Nucleophile
atom or group of atoms attracted to an electron-deficient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Esterification
reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
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Hydrolysis
reaction with water or hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
responsible for carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the tissues
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
remove cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilisation
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Peptide
compound made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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Zwitterion
dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. Because both charges are present, there is no overall charge.
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Isoelectric point
pH value at which the amino acid exists as a zwitterion
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Condensation reaction
one in which two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water
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Stereoisomers
species with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space
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Chiral carbon
carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
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Optical isomers (enantiomers)
stereoisomers that are non-superimposible mirror images of each other
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Condensation
reaction in which two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule, with the elimination of a small molecule such as water
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Repeat unit
specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again
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Biodegradable polymer
polymer that breaks down completely into carbon dioxide and water
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Degradable polymer
polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture
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Pharmacological activity
beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter
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Phase
physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid and gaseous states of ordinary matter
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Mobile phase
phase that moves in chromatogrophy
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Stationary phase
phase that doesn't move in chromatography
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Adsorption
process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or solute as a thin film on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid
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Chromatogram
visible record showing the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography
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Rf =
distance moved by component/ distance moved by solvent front
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Retention time
gas chromatography is the time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector
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Chemical shift
scale that compares the frequency of an NMR adsorption with the frequency of the reference peak TMS at d = 0ppm
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
one in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
Back
Addition reaction
Card 3
Front
one in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
Back
Card 4
Front
an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
Back
Card 5
Front
a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of covalent bonds
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