Eye Witness testimony- Miss leading information

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Loftus and Palmer- Experiment 1
Films of RTC's shown to students, then asked the criticle question about an estimate speed, using verbs such as smashed and contacted. Found misleading info changed their responses. Strongest verb (smashed)=40.8 mph weakest verb (contacted)=31.8 mph
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Loftus and Palmer Experiment 2-
Changing info before its stored. Shown film of RTC, asked leading question about speed then about glass breaking a week later. Those who had the smashed verb proportionaly guessed yes to glass breaking more than those with contacted. (16/50 & 6/50)
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Gabbert et al- Conformity effect
PPts in pairs each partner watched a video of a crime from different perspectives. One conition was encouraged to discuss what was seen. Discussion condition= 71% recalled incorect infromation. Post event discussion effects accuracy of EWT
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Repeat interviewing- Post event discussion
Each time a EW is interviewed coments the interviewer made or their missleading questions may alter the accuracy of their testimony. This especially apparent in children.
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Stages of EW memory
Witness encodes into LTM details of the event, these may be partail or distorted. Witnes retains informaiton, may be lost or modified within retention and events between encoding and retrieval alter them. Apropriate retrieval cues to retrieve info
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Supporting evidence- Loftus- Bugs Bunny
Students asked to evaluate Disneyland adverts, embedded in which was missleading info about Bugs Bunny or Ariel. Ppts were assigned to a bunny, Ariel or control group. Ppts in Bunny and Ariel group remembered meeting these characters when they didn't
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EWT in real life
Not all researched agree with Loftus' conclusion about EWT being inacurate. Lab experiemnts such as Loftus one lacks mundane realism therefore people dont take it seriously, EWT much more accurate in real life situations
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EWT in real life- Foster et al-
If participants thought they were watching a real life robbery and thought their responses would infuence the trial their EWT was much more accurate.
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EWT in real life- Yuille and Cutshall
Evidence of greater accuracy in real life. Witnesses to a armed robbery in Canada gave very accurate statements even after initially having misleading questions, suggests missleading information may have more influence in real life situations.
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Real world applications
CJS relies of EW identification for prosecution, research hsa been used tp warn the CJS of problems with it. Recent DNA exoneration cases have identifies mistaken EW identification as the biggest reason for misscariage of justice
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Individual differencs- Age
Age differences could be a consequence of source monitering. An EW acuires info from witnessing and subsequent suggestions of what occured.
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Individual differenes- Schacter
Found that compared to younger subjects, elderley people find remembering the source of their information hard but not he info itself. As a result they are more rpone to misleading questions
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Response bias- Bekerian and Bowers- Condition one
Loftus and Palmers results due to response bias. Condition 1 each ppt had questions matched with dat a either consistent or not. Later asked same questions, ppts less acurate on the later questions if they had inconsistent data
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Response bias- Bekerian and Bowers- Condition two
In condition two ppts were given the same task but this tie the questions presented in the same order and now there was no difference between ahving consistent or inconsistent data. Suggests that the order of questions had a significant effect
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Card 2

Front

Loftus and Palmer Experiment 2-

Back

Changing info before its stored. Shown film of RTC, asked leading question about speed then about glass breaking a week later. Those who had the smashed verb proportionaly guessed yes to glass breaking more than those with contacted. (16/50 & 6/50)

Card 3

Front

Gabbert et al- Conformity effect

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Repeat interviewing- Post event discussion

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Stages of EW memory

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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