In 1978 - 2 distincitve variables affecting EWT - system and estimator
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what are these
system - variables in the control of justice system (interview technique), estimator- not in control of justice system (race bias(
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what factors can affect EWT
attention, alcohol, stress and the misinformation effect
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how does attention affect
change blindness- paying attention to things around so dont notice changes, weapon focus - focus on weapon so dont pay attention to surroundings
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What are the theories for weapon focus effect?
1) threat causes arousal so narrows attention to weapon. 2) unusual or suprising stimulus draws attention
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What did Fawcett find?
2013- weapon presence affects memory - attributed to retention interval, exposure duration and threat
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how does stress affect
yerkes dodson law - parabolic curve , performance low with low and high stress - ewt are normally high stress so memory impaired
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support for yerkes dodson
Deffenbacher- 1983 - yd is accurate
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against
Christianson - 1992 -stress might increase central detail memory due to repetiion to friends etc- although can reducd memory of minor things eg clothing
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how does alcahol affect
intoxication reduces the amount of things remembered hwver doesnt decrease accuracy- they scrutinise memory more - only say something if theyre ssure it happened
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What did Ebbesen and Rienick find
1998 - memory was retained better with more repetitions of questions because pp rehearse memory
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misinformation effect
ppl can be misled by the questions presented in the study
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what did loftus do
misled pp to think a yield sign was a stop sign slyly- when asked which it was - error rate was much higher for misled pp - misinformation effect decays over time (about a week)
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what is mug shot bias
Davies 1979 - viewing mugshot can increase familiarity of face - so if seen in a lie up increases the chances of incorrect answer - bytander interference also
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What did Kovera state?
1997 - composite drawings produced by pps quality is low
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what did wells state?
2006 - exposure to composites can majorly affect later id
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what is confidence malleabilty
confidence was thought to be an indicator of accuracy but Wells and Bradford found in 1998 that when feedback is given on id, confidence is affected
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What is the purpose of a cognitive interview
Devised by Gieselman in 1985 it aims to reinstate pp in mental context to get better account - found to be 25-45% better
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outline the structure
info - establish relationship, planning- pp gives uninterrupted account, info-gathering, gives pp a info-rich mental representation of event, review- review pp statement
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what is verbal overshadowing
giving a verbal description of someone can impair your ability to correctly id them in a later line up
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What was Yuille and cutshalls study
1986 - real world crime - gun shop murder - 13 ew - the closer and more stressed the ew= better at recalling info after and 3 months after event
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are these
Back
system - variables in the control of justice system (interview technique), estimator- not in control of justice system (race bias(
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