Forensic psychology - eye witness testimony

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 02-04-20 18:55
what is the court oath
The evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth
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what is the problem with the court oath
cannot recal everything said. not a video to rewind and play
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Perception and interpretation
optical illusion, sports allegiance
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memory
primacy/ recency. merge/ reconstruct/schema
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memory to brain
encoding + storage + retrieval = forget
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how has the definition of memory in eye witness testimony
1909) Justice would less often miscarry if all who where to weigh evidence were more conscious of the treachery of human memory. 1994) An eyewitness report, confidently delivered, has swayed many a jury
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eyewitness (in)accuracy
recorded crime on TV) 2000 rang, 14.1% correct answer. Transference) accused was on TV during the assault
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The Devlin report (1976)
EWT are more than guesses. unless circumstances were highly unusual, eyewitness testimony should not result in a conviction in an English court in the absence of other corroborating evidence
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judges are required to inform the jury advokate
amount of time, distance witness perp, visibility, obstruction, known to witness, any reason to remember, time (incident/ id), error (description/looks)
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how often does EWT work - england
Only 23% agreed: “only in exceptional circumstances should a defendant be convicted of a crime solely on the basis of eyewitness testimony
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how often does EWT work - scotland
tested judge and juror knowledge and found is a place for researchers to present scientific findings to inform courts
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The innocence project
Exonerating wrongly convicted people (DNA, perpetrator identified). eforming CJS to prevent injustice. Circulate the academia research.
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Factors influencing EWT
event, witness, cjs and wider influence
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Factors influencing EWT - event
Exposure time - overestimate offence duration / longer remember more, unless siege or last for several days
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Factors influencing EWT - event - stress
hurt at scene - recall less and prior incident. meta analysis - moderate recall. event occurs month before - recall accurate event months later
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Yerkes dodson curve
BELL CURVE (SAD FACE). Efficient memory at medium levels of arousal or stress. low memory at low/high levels of arousal or stress
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Factors influencing EWT - event - weapon
low ability to recall info about the incident & recognise those present at scene. weapons lead to impaired performance on target appearance.
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when can a weapon focused event (WFE) help memory
distinctive facial features
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Factors influencing EWT - witness
age) young- need to ask question, old- individual difference; occupation/profession, personality, gender, ethnic appearence
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Factors influencing EWT - witness - innatentional and change blindness
35% will notice a stages fight when running by at night
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change of appearance
poor if face changes between encoding and presentation (glasses, hairstyle, beard, facial expression).
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appearance vs events
better at remembering events when encoding and retrieving conditions are similar
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Factors influencing EWT - witness - confidence
can be etter or worse. poor predictor of accuracy (should not ignore witness who lack confidence). Meta- analysis. "absolutely certain"-97% correct. Rehearsed/discussion to reinforce memory. detail memories. Flashbulb memory
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what is meta analysis
Research strategy where instead of conducting new research with participants, the researchers examine the results of several previous studies
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how to get a more favourable evaluation of EWT
powerful speech style and occupational status
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What is a flashbulb memory
Highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was learned about
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what is the invisible triangle
Visual experience of an apparent brightness contour defining an upright triangle which is occluding three black discs and a second, inverted triangle outlined in black
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what is schemas
Pattern of thought or behaviour that organises categories of information and the relationships among them. rganize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding
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Factors influencing EWT - witness - expectancy
remembering memory (experience like an invisible triangle. posses scheme for events and link new info to existing knowledge about the world. visual information from ambiguous crime can be recalled with schema
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Factors influencing EWT - witness - intoxication survey result
52.9% contact with intoxicated witnesses was common; 71.4% did not do anything to determine intoxication when they suspected intoxication; 44.2% procedures for dealing with intoxicated witnesses did not differ from from sober witnesses
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Factors influencing EWT - witness - intoxication memory
Context-dependent memory, can impair memory; less lickely to express uncertainty; repeated interviewing
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Factors influencing EWT - the legal process - judge/ jury misconception
Memory works like a video camera (63%); Testimony of a single confident eyewitness should be enough to convict a criminal defendant - 37%
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what is it like to Experience of being a juror
Sympathy for the victim? Urge for justice? ‘No smoke without fire’ Boredom?
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who was the most recent person to be wrongfully convicted
Sandy and Lonnie Sawyer in 1975
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why was Sandy and Lonnie Sawyer in 1975 wrongfully convicted from the jurors interview
interviewed and some reported though the evidence seemed weak but they were ‘tired’ so went along with the majority
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identify three processes that can lead to memory conformity
normative influence; informative influence; memory distortion
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what is normative influence
If the social cost of disagreeing with someone else is high
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what is informative influence
If more probable the other witness is correct (did they have a better view, better memory, and are they more confident?)
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what is memory distortion
Information provided by other witnesses becomes part of own memory
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Factors influencing EWT - the legal process -misinformation
impair eyewitness memory
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car accident and then were then asked about the collision (estimate speed of impact) with different vocabulary
no broken glass. using 'hit' 14% said they saw broken glass. using 'smashed' 32% said they saw broken glass
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what is cognitive interview
Ed Geiselman and Ron Fisher; Developed to enhance interviewee memory performance; Aim to increase quality and quantity of information; Cooperative witnesses, victims and suspects
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how does cognitive interview work
Report everything instruction; Mental reinstatement of context; Recalling events in a variety of different orders ; Change perspective technique
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where is cognitive interview take place
police forces across the world: UK, USA, Germany, Australia etc.
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who is radovan karadzic - appearance
Trying to evade capture for war crimes in Bosnia he let his hair grow and wore spectacles. He was able to live and work for 12 years in his country unrecognised even though he had been their leader!
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what are the purpose of lineup
Need to protect suspect if met in other circumstances; Pressure to perform – assume police have someone; wish to be helpful, not appear foolish; Impact of administrator inadvertent communication
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what are the good practise for a line up
warn target may not be present; sequential VS simultaneous presentation; suspect resemble stratergy VS suspect description line up; cover up any distinguishable feature; double blind feature
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Card 2

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what is the problem with the court oath

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cannot recal everything said. not a video to rewind and play

Card 3

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Perception and interpretation

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Card 4

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memory

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Card 5

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memory to brain

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