Exercise Physiology

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  • Created by: StephHale
  • Created on: 10-05-15 19:46
Homeostasis
maintenance of a constant and normal internal environment
1 of 149
Steady State
Physiological variable unchanging but not always normal, balance between demand and response
2 of 149
Bioenergetics
flow and exchange of energy within a living system, conversion of food stuffs into energy
3 of 149
Anabolic
synthesis
4 of 149
Catobolic
breakdown
5 of 149
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions
6 of 149
Lactate Threshold
point at which blood lactate rises systematically during incremental exercise
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Hypoxia
low muscle o2
8 of 149
Neurocrine
release hormone near another cell
9 of 149
Paracrine
secretions have effect on adjacent cells
10 of 149
Autocrine
hormone realease has positive feedback on cell
11 of 149
Classical
Endocrine System
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Non-classical
Fat-tissue
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Adrenal Medulla
secretes catecholamines
14 of 149
Adrenal Cortex
secretes steroid hiormones
15 of 149
Cortisol
maintenance of plasma glucose
16 of 149
Resting Membrane potential
-70mv
17 of 149
Action Potential
When stimulus of significant strength depolarises the cell
18 of 149
Neuromuscular Junction
Interface between the end of a myelinated motor neuron and muscle fibre
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Golgi Tendon Organ
monitors tension developed in muscle and prevents muscle damage during excessive force generation
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Autonomic Nervous System
Responsible for maintaining internal environment
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Sympathetic
releases noradrenaline, excites an effector organ
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Parasympathetic
releases ACh, inhibits effector organ
23 of 149
Epimysium
surrounds entire muscle
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Perimysium
surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
25 of 149
Endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibres
26 of 149
External lamina
just below endomysium
27 of 149
Sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
28 of 149
Myofibrils
contain contractile proteins Actin and Myosin
29 of 149
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
storage for calcium
30 of 149
Transverse tubules
from sarcolemma to reticulum
31 of 149
Satellite Cells
role in muscle growth
32 of 149
Isometric
exerts force without changing length
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Concentric
shortens during force production
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Eccentric
produces force but length increases
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Muscle Twitch
Contraction as result of a single stimulus
36 of 149
Motor Unit
consists of fibres of 1 type
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flexibility
range of motion at a joint
38 of 149
Osteoporosis
loss of bone mineral densityLord
39 of 149
Lordosis
forward concave curve of the spine
40 of 149
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
41 of 149
Fatigue
fail to maintain required/exerted force
42 of 149
End Diastolic Volume
amount of blood collected in ventricle in diastole
43 of 149
End Systolic Volume
amount of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction
44 of 149
Cardiac Output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
45 of 149
Preload
amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
46 of 149
Contractility
cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV
47 of 149
Afterload
back pressure exerted by blood in large arteies leaving heart (aorta)
48 of 149
Arterial Hypoxaemia
lower than normal O2 content in arterial blood
49 of 149
Normoxia
O2 levels in air at atmospheric pressure at sea level
50 of 149
Hyperoxia
higher O2 levels in air than normoxia
51 of 149
Hypoxia
lower O2 levels in air than normoxia
52 of 149
Normoxaemia
O2 levels in arterial blood when breathing normoxic air
53 of 149
Normocapnia
CO2 levels in air at atmospheric pressure at sea level
54 of 149
Breath-holding
Voluntary/conscious suppression of breathing
55 of 149
Autoregulation
intrinsic myogenic responses of smooth muscle
56 of 149
Metabolic regulation
blood flow increase in relation to metabolic activity of tissue organ
57 of 149
Paracrine regulation
signals from cells close to target cell
58 of 149
Muscle Pump
Mechanical compression and relaxation of muscles on venous vessels
59 of 149
Metabolic factors 1
low O2
60 of 149
Metabolic factors 2
acid conditions
61 of 149
Metabolic factors 3
lactate
62 of 149
Metabolic factors 4
potassium
63 of 149
Metabolic factors 5
Adenosine
64 of 149
Metabolic factors 6
ATP
65 of 149
Metabolic factors 7
Osmolarity
66 of 149
Pattern of flow depends on (1)
active vasodilation
67 of 149
Pattern of flow depend on (2)
mechanical compression
68 of 149
Factors that affect blood flow to skeletal muscle 1
Method used
69 of 149
Factors that affect blood flow to skeletal muscle 2
Force of muscle contractions
70 of 149
Factors that affect blood flow to skeletal muscle 3
Type of contraction
71 of 149
Factors that affect blood flow to skeletal muscle 4
Muscle fibre type composition
72 of 149
Brain Blood Flow Regulator 1
Metabolic
73 of 149
Brain Blood Flow Regulator 2
Autoregulatory
74 of 149
Brain Blood Flow Regulator 3
Neurogenic
75 of 149
Brain Blood Flow Regulator 4
Chemical
76 of 149
Brain Blood Flow Regulator 5
Systemic
77 of 149
Influence BBF 1
ANS
78 of 149
Influence BBF 2
Baroreflex
79 of 149
Influence BBF 3
Systemic Circulation
80 of 149
Influence BBF 4
Cerebral autoregulation
81 of 149
Measure BBF 1
Transcranial Doppler
82 of 149
Measure BBF 2
Near-infrared Spectroscopy
83 of 149
Measure BBF 3
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
84 of 149
Acid
Molecule that can liberate H+
85 of 149
Base
Molecule capable of combining with H+
86 of 149
pH
expression of H+ in solution
87 of 149
Alkalosis
reduction in H+ ions
88 of 149
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 1st Line (1)
Cellular Buffers
89 of 149
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 1st Line (2)
Blood Buffers
90 of 149
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 2nd Line
Respiratory Compensation
91 of 149
Ventilation limit O2 uptake? (1)
voluntarily hyperventilate
92 of 149
Ventilation limit O2 uptake? (2)
additional anaerobic exercise raises ventilation
93 of 149
Ventilation limit O2 uptake? (3)
performance doesn't improve with Helium/O2 mixture
94 of 149
Eccentric Hypertrophy
overall size and volume enlarged
95 of 149
Concentric Hypertrophy
increase wall thickness but diminished volume
96 of 149
Peripheral Circulatory Adaptations (1)
Increase size of large arteries
97 of 149
Peripheral Circulatory Adaptations (2)
Arterial distensibility
98 of 149
Peripheral Circulatory Adaptations (3)
size of small arteries/arterioles
99 of 149
Peripheral Circulatory Adaptations (4)
Number of small arteries/arterioles
100 of 149
Peripheral Circulatory Adaptations (5)
number of capillaries
101 of 149
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
102 of 149
Short term Altitude effects (1)
more O2 molecules
103 of 149
Short term Altitude effects (2)
Ventilation changes - Hyperventilation
104 of 149
Short term Altitude effects (3)
Cardiovascular changes - increase RHR and CO
105 of 149
Long term Altitude effects (1)
Pulmonary acid-base
106 of 149
Long term Altitude effects (2)
CV - increase HR, decrease SV,CO and Max CO
107 of 149
Long term Altitude effects (3)
Haemtologic - decrease plasma volume, increase haemoglobin & RBC number
108 of 149
Long term Altitude effects (4)
Local - increase skeletal muscle capillarisation and O2 enzyme activity
109 of 149
Conduction
heat transfer through direct contact
110 of 149
Convection
heat transfer between object and moving air or fluid
111 of 149
Radiation
loss or gain of heat in form of electromagnetic waves
112 of 149
Evaporation
quantity of heat absorbed by sweat when it evaporates
113 of 149
Body's thermostat
Hypothalamus
114 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 1
Increase fitness lower risk
115 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 2
Acclimatisation - decreases body temp.
116 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 3
Hydration - lack of increases risk
117 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 4
Environmental temp.
118 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 5
Clothing - expose as much skin as possible, increase coo
119 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 4
Environmental temp.
120 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 5
Clothing - expose as much skin as possible, increase cooling
121 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 6
Humidity - higher more risk
122 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 7
Metabolic Rate
123 of 149
Heat Injury Factors 8
Wind - increases heat loss
124 of 149
Limiting factors in aerobic exercise 1
cellular machinery to oxidise fuel continuously and produce force
125 of 149
Limiting factors in aerobic exercise 2
supply of fuel
126 of 149
Limiting factors in aerobic exercise 3
supply of O2 to and from bloodstream
127 of 149
Limiting factors in aerobic exercise 4
Removal of waste products and excess heat
128 of 149
Limiting factors in aerobic exercise 5
Maintenance of pH
129 of 149
Strategies to simulate microgravity 1
Head-down bed rest
130 of 149
Strategies to simulate microgravity 2
Wheelchair
131 of 149
Strategies to simulate microgravity 3
Immobilization
132 of 149
Strategies to simulate microgravity 4
Parabolic flight
133 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 1
Nitric Oxide
134 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 2
Adenosine
135 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 3
Tissue Hypoxia
136 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 4
Prostaglandins
137 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 5
Viagra
138 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 6
Potassium
139 of 149
Vasodilator substance - cause functional hyperaemia 7
ATP Breakdown products
140 of 149
Neurotransmitter of SNS
Acetylcholine
141 of 149
Neurotransmitter of SNS 2
norepinephrine
142 of 149
Neurotransmitter of PNS
Acetylcholine
143 of 149
Ventilatory Threshold
ventilation increases at a faster rate than VO2
144 of 149
mechanisms behind ventilatory threshold 1
feedforward
145 of 149
mechanisms behind ventilatory threshold 2
plasma potassium concentration
146 of 149
mechanisms behind ventilatory threshold 3
acidosis
147 of 149
mechanisms behind ventilatory threshold 4
feedback
148 of 149
factors affecting ROM
Age, Gender, Heredity, Posture,Disease
149 of 149

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