exam part 2
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- Created by: emilymckee05
- Created on: 13-12-22 19:10
what is the hearts natural pacemaker called?
SA node
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what does the p-wave represent?
Atrial Depolarisation
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what does the t-wave represent?
ventricular repolarisation
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what does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarisation
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duration of a pr interval?
120-200milliseconds (3-5 small squares)
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what is ECG standard paper speed?
25mm/sec
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2 shockable rhythms
vf, vt
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2 non-shockable rhythms
pea, asystole
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what are the colours of a 3 lead ecg
yellow, red, green
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what colours are added for a 5 lead?
black and white
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what is the most common rhythm at a cardiac arrest?
PEA
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What are the 4 t's?
Hypoxia, hypothermia, hyperkalaemia, hypovolaemia
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what are the 4 t's
tamponade, tension pneumothorax, thrombosis, toxins
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for electrolyte disorders, what is usually prescribed?
IV calcium
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in hypoglycaemia, what is usually prescribed?
glucagon and IV dextrose
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what is given in hypokalaemia
IV potassium
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what is a major sign of tension pneumothorax?
trachea not centrally alligned, sob, chest pain
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what is a cardiac tamponade?
fluid accumulates in the heart around the pericardial sac, compressing the heart
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what is the fix for a cardiac tamponade?
pericardiocentesis
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what is thromboembolic an umbrella term for?
blood clots
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what is used to see clots?
an angiogram
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what are kussmual breath sounds like?
deep, rapid
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what are cheyne-stokes breath sounds like?
deep then shallow followed by apnoea
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where are the four places to place stethoscope for heart sounds?
aortic valve
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral valve-best for auscultation
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral valve-best for auscultation
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what is acute coronary syndrome?
sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart
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3 conditions of acute coronary syndrome?
unstable angina, st elevated MI, non stable st elevated MI
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what are the 3 components of angina pain?
chest pain or discomfort
brought on by physical exertion
relieved by rest
brought on by physical exertion
relieved by rest
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what is atypical angina and non-angina pain
atypical = 2 of above
non-angina= 1/none of above
non-angina= 1/none of above
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what is troponin?
a protein responsible for contraction of the heart.
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what test do you do to see if a heart attack has occurred?
trop-t test (do it 4-6 hours after)
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what is a normal troponin level?
less than 14. over 30 is heart attack
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Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
MONA
aspirin 300mg, pain relief, telemetry, 02 levels, GTN spray (vasodilator)
aspirin 300mg, pain relief, telemetry, 02 levels, GTN spray (vasodilator)
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what does a PPCI do?
opens blocked arteries through femoral
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what is AF
a tachydysrhythmia with chaotic, disorganised electrical activity in the atria
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where is the appex beat located?
mid clavicular line and 5th intercostal space
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how many types of AF are there and what are they?
3 types
Paroxysmal
persistent
permanent
Paroxysmal
persistent
permanent
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what is paroxysmal AF
can last up to 7 days or seconds
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what is persistent AF
longer that 7 days, doesn't stop with treament
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what is permanent AF
last more than a year, treatment and cardioversion doesn't help.
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what is atrial myxoma?
A tumour found in the top chambers of the heart
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Name some AF triggers
Hyperthyroidism (TFT bloods), respiratory disease, ischaemia, pulmonary embolism
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Name an antiarrhytmic drug
Amiodarone
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what does digoxin do?
slows down heart beat
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what main things cause AF
heart problems, MI, heart disease ect.
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Management of AF?
ECG, ECHO, BLOODS
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Treatment of AF
cardioversion, medication, pacemaker
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What communication tool is used to escalate concerns
ISBAR
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Name some risk factors of AF
>60, heart diseases, sleep apnoea, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus, BMI > 30
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Symptoms of AF
palpitations, SOB, weak, fatigue, dizzy
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what does bisoprolol do?
treats high blood pressure. (beta-blocker)
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what does a beta- blocker do?
blocks the action of the hormone adrenaline and decreases the activity of the heart
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what does the p-wave represent?
Back
Atrial Depolarisation
Card 3
Front
what does the t-wave represent?
Back
Card 4
Front
what does the QRS complex represent?
Back
Card 5
Front
duration of a pr interval?
Back
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