exam material psych

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  • Created by: t3ss.ts
  • Created on: 29-04-21 19:03
what does informational social influence lead to?
permanent change in attitude
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why do we resist to social influence?
social support
inertnal locus of control
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why do we resist social influence if we have social support?
pressure decreases to conform if others not conforming
Asch found the presence of a dissident (conferate who didn't conform) decreased conformity levels
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why does having a internal locus of control mean people resist social influence?
resist pressure to conform/obey due to taking personal reasonability for their actions to make their own decisions and resist pressure from others.
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how does Asch research show replicability
use of highly controlled lab setting and control over variables. meaning easy to repeat to study as he used standardised procedures. eg. confederates, dissenters and lines
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three key points to minority influence
consitancity, commitment and flexibility
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constancy
question their views
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commitment
shows the majority = more attention
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flexibility
prepare to adapt point of view and accept valid and reasonable counter arguments
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what did nemeth believe
balance between consistency and flexibility
-snowball effect
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memory
memory
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4 components of the cognitive interview
change speaker, reverse the order, recall everything and context reinstatement
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positive of the cognitive interview
each element is valuable in producing more information compared to standard interviews
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2x negative of the cognitive interview
-time consuming compared to standard police interview
-recall of incorrect information can be increased
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why are cognitive interviews more time
consuming?
as to reduce anxiety of the witness a repour / relationship should be built
requires training
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who investigated the cognitive interviews?
-stats of correct and incorrect info
-Kohnken et al
-81% increase in correct information recalled
-61% increase in incorrect information recalled
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2 differences between procudural and episodic memory
procudural- skills and actions, unconitous recall and not emotioal
episodic- ability to recall events, countious recall and emotional
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explaination for forgetting
retrieval failure specifically- context-dependant forgetting. insufficient cues when recalling the information.
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evaluation of context-dependant forgetting as an explanation for forgetting
-lots of support study's eg. Godden and Baddeley's sea diver experiment
-lacks real life application as they used opposing environments eg. land and sea. whereas normally there wouldn't be such extreme differences.
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attachment
attachment
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3 attachment types
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
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secure
-exploration
-separation anxiety
-Stanger anxiety
-reunion behaviour
uses caregiver as safe base, moderation separation and stranger anxiety, joy on reunion
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insecure avoidant
-exploration
-separation anxiety
-Stanger anxiety
-reunion behaviour
no safe base, low separation and stranger anxiety, no joy on reunion
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insecure resistant
-exploration
-separation anxiety
-Stanger anxiety
-reunion behaviour
uncertain exploration, high separation and stranger anxiety. resent mother on reunion
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2 effects for institutionalisation and explanation
disinhibited attachment- friendly and affectionate to strangers
mental retardation- damage to intellectual development
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role of the father in attachment
Grossman- longitudinal study
Tiffany Field- videoed interactions between baby's and caregivers
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how did Lorenz use animals to study attachment
-aim
-method
-results
-conclusion
-used greylag geese to investigate imprinting
1- left with natural mother
2-incubator saw Lorenz first
-group 2 followed him compared to group 1 who followed there mother.
-programmed to imprint to first mother
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how to Harlow use animals to study attachment
-aim
-method
-results
-conclusion
-attachment in rhesus monkeys
-2 mothers= one wire and cloth
-group 1= food from wire mother and others had cloth to dispense food
-spend most time with cloth mother even when scared
-develop attachments based on contact comfort
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psychopahtolohy
psychopathology
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2 cognitive characteristics of OCD
-90% suffer from obsessive thoughts, reoccurring thoughts.
-cognitive strategies are adopted to deal with them eg. washing hands over and over. selective attention directed towards anxiety generated stimuli.
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examples of obsessive thoughts
thoughts such as fear of; contamination from germs, safety, religious fears.
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4 definitions of abnormality
-statistical infrequency
-deviation from social norms
-failure to function adequately
-deviation from ideal mental health
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define statistical infrequency
behaviour is seen as abnormal it will be
statistically uncommon infrequent. mathematical method as human behaviour fall into normal distribution within the population.

-depression and self-harm fell into 'normal'
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define deviation to from social norms
abnormal behaviour is when it doesn't fit within what is socially acceptable eg. norms.

-African- Caribbean diagnosed as mentally ill (Rack)
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define failure to function adequately
abnormal if unable to cope with demands of everyday life and live independently in society- Rosenhan and Seligman created 7 sections. Global assessment of functioning scale also developed.
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define deviation from ideal mental health
abnormal when there's an absence of a particular characteristic . Jahoda proposed 6 principles of ideal mental health.
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aggression
aggression
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what part of the brain influences aggression
amygdala
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what gene influences levels of serotonin
MAOA
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evoluntionary explaiantion of aggression
-males are strong and protective have to compete with others this is sexual selection
-pressure in society to provide meaning assertive and aggression
-jealously motivated aggressive behaviours as men can be seen as more resourceful
-sexual infidelity
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evidence for evolutionary explanation
Shackleton et al
-link between retentions, jealously and violence.
-men use emotional manipulation and negative inducement
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strength of the evolutionary explanation
human aggression behaviours are similar over all cultures and no influenced by social constructionism.
-this supports that aggression in innate and determined by genes
-not the ethnocentric therefore an evolved behaviour
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limitation of the evolutionary explanation
'post hoc' theory as it explains aggressive behaviour after it has happened rather than making predications abut what it happen and then testing it.
-eg Shackleton dis a survey
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outline social psychological explanation for aggression
John Dollard- frustration aggression hypothesis.
-attempt to achieve a goal is blocked by external factors
-aggressive act successful - cathartic release occurs as frustration is released
-fail = further frustration occurs
-aggression is displaced on sc
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study to show this
haner and brown
-children had to place marbles into small hole in time
-time ended at different period before children had completed there goal
-had to press button for next game
-amount of force = aggressive levels
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finding of haner and brown
closer to finishing = more frustration eg. more pressure on plunger
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haner and brown support bc...
but also drawback is ...
-frustration aggression hypothesis
-lacks real-life application
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what is the neural explaiantion for aggression
limbic systems triifers an aggressive repsonse to situations
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what is the limbic system
conytrols and regulated our emotions. motivation, fears and aggression
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how many parts of the brain are linked to aggression
38
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who found amaydala influences aggression
Mark and Erwin
-man had his amydala removed as when we had seizure dues to eplipsys he would brustally attack his wife
-once amydla removed = no aggression present
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16 marker
16 marker
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what did Milgram do after his experiment
proposed explanation into obedience, types of factors to explain why ppl obey
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agentic state
feel no personal reasonability for our actions as we are acting for an authoritarian figure (agent)
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what happens when we are in an agentic state
free from our unconitious minds
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legitimacy of authority
increased likelihood of obeying induvial with more authority than us
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what is authority determined by?
level of power eg. legitimacy in the social hierarchy
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what is Freddie in at the beginning and why
autonomous state as he believes he is independent and can act upon his own principles
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what is autonomous state?
free to behave according to their own principles
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why does Freddie stop when he sees the duty head?
stops due to agentic shift which is the shift from autonomy to agent.
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why does Freddie stop pushing the boy
as the deputy head has greater power than Freddie eg. social hierarchy. so Freddie defer his responsibility to the deputy head.
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what else do the duty head hold to make Freddie obey
legitimate authority figure to Freddie
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when deputy head stares what does Freddie do?
obeys and stops pushing the boy this is when the agentic shift occurs
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why does the deputy have higher authority?
near top of the social hierarchy within school so Freddie obeys to what is acceptable.
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what is the significance of deputy's high visibility jacket?
reinstates the legitimacy of authority he holds
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why did freddie not obey to his classmate?
not an authoritarian figure eg. school clothes and low in hierarchy
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evidence for agentic state and legitimacy of authority
Blass and Smitt
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what did blass and smitt do
showed videos of milgrams study to studants and got them to idenitify who was responable eg. wallise or leanrer
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what were the results of Blass and smitts experiment
they blamed the experimenter as they had the legitimate authority and high in social hierarchy compared to the ppts
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what else did the experiment have
expert authority eg. scientist
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limitation of these 2 explanations for obedience
its limited as it doesn't explain why people don't obey to figures and Milgram doesn't highlight this
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stat of non-obeying in Milgram experiment
35% did admister the lethal volt
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evidence of legitimacy of authority
Milgram variations - experimenters clothes and building change
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what did this variation cause
48% drop in obedience level
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why was there a significant drop
decrease is expert and legitimate authority as not in a prestigious place and no lab coat
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aggression
aggression
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another case study about aggression linking to limbic system
Charles Whiteman- murdered 12 people found there was a tumour pressing on his limbic system
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drawback to case study's
case study- cannot be generalised to the whole population
can be subjective to the research
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who found neaurological difference between
men and women
-what does this explain ?
-Gur
-why men are more aggressive than women
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what did Gur find
women's pre-frontal orbitofrontal cortex is more dense meaning they have more self control then men
-found by using MRI scans
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positive of MRI scans
highly scientific way to imaging the brain
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support study's of gurs?
rain et al
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what did rain et al find?
pet scans showed lower levels of activityies in pre-frontal cortex compared to non-murders.
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Card 2

Front

why do we resist to social influence?

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social support
inertnal locus of control

Card 3

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why do we resist social influence if we have social support?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

why does having a internal locus of control mean people resist social influence?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how does Asch research show replicability

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