When the child delete a phoneme from a word. For example: 'nana' instead of 'banana'
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Substitution
Substituting one sound for another, often an easier one. For example: 'free' instead of 'three' and 'dat' instead of 'that'
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Addition
When a vowel sound is added on to the end of a word. For example: 'doggie'
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Assimilation
Changing one consonant or vowel for another. For example: 'gog' instead of 'dog'
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Reduplication
The repetition of a phoneme in a word. For example: 'mama' and 'snow ow man'
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Consonant Cluster Reductions
The consonant clusters in a word are often dropped by the child to make it easier to pronounce. For example: 'pider' instead of 'spider' and 'geen' instead of 'green'
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Voicing
When voiceless consonants (sounds produced without using the vocal chords) e.g.: p, t, f, s are replaced by their voiced equivalents e.g.: b, d, v, z. For example: zok instead of sock
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De-Voicing
When voiced consonants are replaced by their voiceless equivalents. For example: 'pag' instead of 'bag'
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'fis phenomenon'
Berko & Brown - Proves that children understand words and linguistic ideas before they can imitate them.
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Consonant Group: Plosives
Sounds which blow the airflow completely. E.g. b, p, t, d, k, g
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Consonant Group: Fricatives
Sounds which partially block the airflow. E.g. f, v, s, z, sh
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Consonant Group: Africates
Sounds which are a mixture of plosive and fricative. E.g. ch, dj
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Consonant Group: Nasals
Sounds which come through the nose. E.g. m, n, g
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Consonant Group: Approximates
Sounds which come through the voicebox (no airflow). E.g. r, j, w
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Consonant Group: Laterals
Sounds which are produced by the tongue. E.g. L
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Dipthongs
1.A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another. E.g. rice, bait, boy, note, town, poor, clear, chair
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Phonemic Expansion
Increase in the variety of sounds that the child produces, expands vocal ability.
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Phonemic Contraction
Children reduce the sounds to only those that they need for their own language.
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Virtuous Errors
Mistakes that children make while learning which help them progress
19 of 19
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Substituting one sound for another, often an easier one. For example: 'free' instead of 'three' and 'dat' instead of 'that'
Back
Substitution
Card 3
Front
When a vowel sound is added on to the end of a word. For example: 'doggie'
Back
Card 4
Front
Changing one consonant or vowel for another. For example: 'gog' instead of 'dog'
Back
Card 5
Front
The repetition of a phoneme in a word. For example: 'mama' and 'snow ow man'
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