English Language Things I Should Know

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  • Created by: ghost3
  • Created on: 25-01-19 22:10
Proper Noun
A name e.g. Agatha Christie, San Francisco
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Common Noun
A thing e.g. chair, planet, table.
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Abstract Noun
Emotion/state of being e.g. beauty, compassion, courage
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Noun Phrase
centred around a noun e.g. the yellow house, a skate board, the little boy.
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Phrase
part of a sentence, consists of one or more words that do not contain a verb.
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Clause
Group of words clustered around a verb or verb phrase.
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Personal Pronoun
Represent specific people or things e.g. I, You, She, He, They, Him, Her, It
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Possessive Pronoun
Represent ownership e.g. My, His, Our, Their, Mine
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Stative verbs
state of being, feelings e.g. I think
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Transitive verbs
followed by direct object e.g. I carried the baby
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Intransitive verbs
do not need direct object e.g. It happened
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Lexical verbs
Express meaning of verb phrase e.g. the boy ran to school
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Auxiliary/modal verbs
tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs e.g can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
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Declarative
making statements - context bound
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Interrogatives
yes/No questions, WH-interrogatives - more information
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Imperative
commands, direct address
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Exclamative
an exclamation
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Adverbs
adds detail to verbs or other adverbs almost finished, She is running very fast.
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Idiom
A phrase or expression whose meaning can't be understood from the ordinary meanings of the words in it. e.g. 'get off my back' an idiom meaning 'stop bothering me'.
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Jargon
technical language for a specific group of people e.g. scientist would say you have cancer.
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Dialect
Language spoken in a particular part of the country or by a particular group of people.
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Slang/Colloqualisms
Words or phrases used by a particular groups of people that only they would understand e.g. teenagers or soldiers.
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Effect formality - elevated
Shows higher status in the speaker e.g. a wide vocabulary.
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abbreviations
Shortening words to letters at the beginning of the word. BC Before Christ
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Compounds
2 or more words linked together to produce a word with a new meaning, e.g. tooth+brush=toothbrush
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Figurative language
use words and ideas to suggest meaning and create mental images
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Metaphor
a term from rhetoric that refers to a figure of speech or a linguistic device. Word or phrase that literally means one thing but figuratively means something else.
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Simile
figure of speech that directly compares 2 things e.g. using connective words to compare the 2 things, as, like.
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Pun
clever and amusing use of word or phrase with 2 meanings, or of words with the same sound but different meanings.
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Hyperbole
figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis. Opposite of understatement.
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Personification
Making an inanimate object have human qualities, the tree stretched its branches towards the sky.
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Neologisms
process of forming a new word by combining 2 already made words, e.g. IPod
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Oxymoron
figure of speech with contradictory terms appearing in conjunction e.g. cruel kindness.
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Intensifier
adverb or adjective used to add force to another adjective, verb or adverb. e.g. 'extremely large man'
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modifier
changes, clarifies, qualifies or limits a particular word in a sentence t add emphasis, explanation or detail. usually adjectives or adverbs. can take the modifier out of the sentence and it still makes sense.
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Pre-modifier
modifier that comes before a noun. e.g. beautiful day
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post-modifier
modifier after a word or phrase, add extra information.
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discourse marker
direct or redirect flow of conversation, doesn't add extra information. e.g. like, oh, you know
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conjunction
word which joins up clauses, sentences, words or phrases.
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preposition
usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. e.g. after, in, to, on, with
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deontic modlaity
permission and obligation. e.g. you can go when you've finished.
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epistemic modality
possibility and necessity with regard to knowledge e.g. it might be true
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Influential power
person does ot have power and are trying to gain influence over you. e.g. an advertisement
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instrumental power
used when an indicidual already has power over another, due to higher authority. Used to enforce and maintain authority.
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Non-fluency feature
collective term for pauses, hesitations, fillers, repetitions, etc.
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intonation
variation of spoken speech. express emotion or to emphasis something.
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fillers
non-fluency feature, non-verbal sounds that act as a pause allowing the speaker time to think before continuing talking. shows a lack in confidence and knowledge of topic. e.g. um, like, uh.
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paralinguistic features
parts of spoken language which don't involve words e.g. body actions, posture, body language
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back-channeling
feature of speaker to show attention, support or agreement with the other speaker. e.g. right, yeah, ok.
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hedging
strategy used to avoid directnessx or to prevent somebody getting offended. e.g. like, kind of, maybe, perhaps,
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false starts
speaker begins to speak, pauses and then recommences.
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turn-taking
structure of a conversation where people take turns to speak. sometimes equal and sometimes unbalanced.
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overlaps/interruptions
2 people in conversation attempt to speak at the same time, either accidentally or deliberately.
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repairs
speaker returns to correct a previously stated phrase or sentence. e.g. i was going to, i was planning to.
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adjacency pair
pair of utterances in a conversation that go together, exchange of one turn each by 2 speakers. e.g. greeting and reply, question and answer.
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Brown and Levinsion - negative face
want to feel unimpeded, freedom from feeling imposed upon by the interaction.
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Brown and Levinsion - positive face
desire to feel approved of and maintain self-esteem, maintain positive and constant self-image during interaction.
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Goffman's face theory
co-operation vital to conversation, without politeness all is lost. need to feel liked when talked to.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A thing e.g. chair, planet, table.

Back

Common Noun

Card 3

Front

Emotion/state of being e.g. beauty, compassion, courage

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

centred around a noun e.g. the yellow house, a skate board, the little boy.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

part of a sentence, consists of one or more words that do not contain a verb.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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